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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-1.487097, 17.250945~[[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]~''Pan paniscus''}}</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe).
* It has been estimated that up to 5,000 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 72,000 km².
* Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat destruction and degradation, risk of disease transmission.
* Conservation activities have focused on land-use planning.

= Site characteristics =

The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan paniscus''
|-
|Area
|72,000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -1.487097 , Lon: 17.250945
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2003-2010
|
|
|
|5000.0
|Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)
|Other
|
|[[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]
|estimate is a maxiumum
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

The main threats to bonobos in the block include poaching, habitat loss due and fragmentation, and the potential for disease transmission ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Agricultural activities leading to habitat destruction ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Commercial poaching to supply urban bushmeat markets is intense, as the markets in Mbandaka, Kinshasa and Brazzaville are accessible through the Congo River ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Collection of NFTPs ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging concessions, located largely in the south, cover approximately 40% of the landscape; terra firma forests are mainly old secondary forests that have been logged in the past ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

Within the framework of the CARPE programme, a land-use plan is being developed, which includes three protected areas, 13 community-based natural resource management areas and six resource extraction zones. The proposed protected areas are Tumba-Lediima Natural Reserve (7,500 km²), Ngiri Biosphere Reserve (524 km², created in January 2011), with no bonobos but a small population of chimpanzees (being located on the right bank of the Congo River), and Mabali Scientific Reserve (2.6 km²) ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01937"></span>Inogwabini, B., Matungila, B., Mbende, L., Abokome, M., & Tshimanga, T. w. (2007). Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. ''Oryx'', 41(4), 532-538. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307414120 doi:10.1017/s0030605307414120]

<span id="R01938"></span>Inogwabini, B., Bewa, M., Longwango, M., Abokome, M., & Vuvu, M. (2008). The Bonobos of the Lake Tumba – Lake Maindombe Hinterland: Threats and Opportunities for Population Conservation. In ''Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects'' (pp. 273-290). Springer New York. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74787-3_14 doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74787-3_14]

<span id="R01939"></span>IUCN, & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Bonobo_Conservation_Strategy.pdf link]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-05-30

Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe) - Revision history