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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Ulu Segama-Malua]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|4.956727, 117.878134~[[Ulu Segama-Malua]]~''Pongo pygmaeus morio''}}</div>
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in the Ulu Segama-Malua landscape.
* It has been estimated that 2,580 (CI: 1,295-5,866) individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 2,400 km².
* Key threats to orangutans include logging, forest degradation and fragmentation.
* Conservation activities have focused on habitat restoration.

= Site characteristics =

The Ulu Segama-Malua (USM) landscape is located in the Malaysian state of Sabah between 116°28′E and 4°14′N and comprises approximately 240,000 hectares of lowland forest ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]], [[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). The site sustains one of the largest orangutan populations in Sabah ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]]). To the north of USM, Bukit Piton Forest Reserve (12,000 ha) is found, which is an area of high conservation value ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]]). The USM landscape consists of a variably steep terrain, with many hills and ridges, although Malua's topography is predominantly flat and low ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|-
|Area
|2,400 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 4.956727 , Lon: 117.878134
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|0.13 (0.04-0.39)
|
|Segama East
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|0.79 (0.29-2.16)
|
|Segama Central
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|1.52 (0.5-4.1)
|
|North Ulu Segama
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|1.64 (0.58-4.52)
|
|Malua
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|1.76 (0.64-4.80)
|
|Segama South West
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2002
|
|
|
|4,584 (2,064-11,064)
|Segama forests
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01860|Ancrenaz et al. 2005]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|
|2,580 (1,295-5,866)
|USM forests, total
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Oil palm plantations surround the landscape, especially along the eastern and northern borders ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]], [[#R01861|WWF 2020]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging roads that are present in higher frequency in overdegraded forests ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Heavy logging has led to decreased orangutan abundance at the site, as well as forest fragmentation ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present (unknown severity)
|Fires to clear land, but also due to severe droughts ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

Conventional logging practices and heavy extraction rates, coupled with high road densities and indiscriminate felling, has resulted in a mosaic of highly degraded forests bordering hilltops and isolated patches of moderate habitat; in other words, habitat in the USM landscape is very heterogeneous ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Multiple logging cycles that began in 1957 and ended in 2007 led to drastic alterations in the original forest structure and integrity ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Forest fragmentation has forced the orangutan population to spread into less suitable habitats ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Restoration in the Bukit Piton forest is intended to have a positive impact on the rest of the landscape by connecting key patches of forest ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]]).
|
|Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

[http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/usm/ Ulu Segama Malua - Sabah Forestry Department]

= References =

<span id="R01859"></span>Ancrenaz, M., Ambu, L., Sunjoto, I., Ahmad, E., Manokaran, K., Meijaard, E., & Lackman, I. (2010). Recent Surveys in the Forests of Ulu Segama Malua, Sabah, Malaysia, Show That Orang-utans (P. p. morio) Can Be Maintained in Slightly Logged Forests. ''PLoS ONE'', 5(7), e11510. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011510 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011510]

<span id="R01860"></span>Ancrenaz, M., Gimenez, O., Ambu, L., Ancrenaz, K., Andau, P., Goossens, B., ... & Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. (2005). Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biology, 3(1), e3. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003]

<span id="R01861"></span>WWF (2020). Lessons Learnt from 12 Years Restoring the Orangutan’s Habitat: the Bukit Piton Forest Reserve in the Malaysian State of Sabah. Online: https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?364737/WWF-field-series-Lessons-learnt-from-restoring-the-orangutan-habitat-in-the-Malaysian-State-of-Sabah

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-16

Ulu Segama-Malua - Revision history