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[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-1.1, 116.85~[[Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)]]~''Hylobates muelleri''}}</div>
* Müller’s gibbons (''Hylobates muelleri'') are present in Sungai Wain Protected Forest.
* The population size is around 531 gibbons.
* The gibbon population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 112.45 km².
* The main reported threats include recurring wildfires and illegal logging activities.
* Conservation efforts have primarily focused on habitat protection, restricting the number of people accessing the site, and conducting anti-poaching and anti-logging patrols.

= Site characteristics =

The Sungai Wain Protection Forest, located near Balikpapan Borneo's fourth largest city is a unique and ecologically significant area. Roughly half of it remains pristine coastal lowland dipterocarp rainforest, hosting the full range of native forest species typical of this habitat. Although a devastating fire in 1998 scorched around 40% of the forest, successful fire prevention efforts have helped the area recover, despite a setback when approximately 830 hectares were burned again during the 2015 El Niño. The forest continues to provide vital habitat for species that are unique to Borneo, including the endemic ''Hylobates muelleri'' (Müller’s gibbon) ([[#R01744|The Rufford Foundation 2017]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Hylobates muelleri''
|-
|Area
|112.45 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -1.1 , Lon: 116.85
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Protection Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Hylobates muelleri''
|2012
|
|4.6
|531.1
|Sungai Wain Protected Forest
|Point transects, Fixed point triangulation
|[[#R01740|Gilhooly et al. 2015]]
|The analysis was conducted using a combination of Distance sampling and Acoustic spatial capture-recapture methodologies.
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Since the 1970s, the eastern section of the forest has experienced degradation due to unlawful tree logging activities and the transformation of land into garden plots ([[#R01740|Gilhooly et al. 2015]]).
|1970-Ongoing (2015)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The paper states that approximately 60% of the forest was affected by the 1998 fires, leaving only 40% as 'pristine forest.' This event led to habitat degradation, particularly in the regenerating forest, where tree diversity and density remain low potentially affecting gibbon density and distribution ([[#R01740|Gilhooly et al. 2015]]).
|1998-2015
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Anti-poaching and anti-logging patrols are ongoing in the reserve ([[#R01742|Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain 2015]]).
|
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Sungai Wain Protected Forest has been designated as a protected forest since 1983; prior to that, it was established as a water catchment reserve in 1947 ([[#R01743|Nijman and Menken 2005]]).
|
|1983-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.8 Restrict number of people that are allowed access to site
|Due to ongoing patrolling and enforcement efforts, access to the pristine area is tightly regulated and restricted to only authorized researchers and approved visitors (Gilhooly pers. obs. 2012).
|
|Ongoing (2015)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement
|[[#R01741|Harrison 2011]]
|2002-Ongoing (2015)
|-
|5 Ecological context
|5.1 Ecological characteristics (e.g. terrain) conducive to conservation
|[[#R01740|Gilhooly et al. 2015]]
|Ongoing (2015)
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Vocalizations: The duet songs of bonded gibbon pairs serve to mark territory and are also central to the survey methodology—triangulation via acoustic detection.
|
|
|
|[[#R01740|Gilhooly et al. 2015]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Duetting Behavior.
|
|
|
|[[#R01740|Gilhooly et al. 2015]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

Gilhooly, L. J., Rayadin, Y., & Cheyne, S. M. (2015). A Comparison of Hylobatid Survey Methods Using Triangulation on Müller’s Gibbon (Hylobates muelleri) in Sungai Wain Protection Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. ''International Journal of Primatology'', 36(3), 567-582. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-015-9845-1 doi:10.1007/s10764-015-9845-1]

Harrison, R. D. (2011). Emptying the Forest: Hunting and the Extirpation of Wildlife from Tropical Nature Reserves. ''BioScience'', 61(11), 919-924. [https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2011.61.11.11 doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.11.11]

Hutan Lindung Sungai Wain. (2015). Pengelolaan HLSW. http://sungaiwain.org/profil-hlsw/pengelolaan-hlsw [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325235932/http://sungaiwain.org/profil-hlsw/pengelolaan-hlsw link]

Nijman, V., & Menken, S. B. J. (2005). Assessment of census techniques for estimating density and biomass of gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 53, 201–211. [https://dare.uva.nl/id/55b367ff-50e7-43c9-b0df-ccadfc845b81 link]

The Rufford Foundation. (2017, May 5). Primate population monitoring in the Sungai Wain Protection Forest, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. https://www.rufford.org/projects/sugi-sugianto/primate-population-monitoring-in-the-sungai-wain-protection-forest-east-kalimantan-indonesia/

'''Page created by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2025-06-30

Sungai Wain Protected Forest (Gibbon) - Revision history