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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Manzano forest]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-2.558768, 16.359817~[[Manzano forest]]~''Pan paniscus''}}</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Manzano forest.
* Between 2016 and 2018, 22-24 bonobos were reported to inhabit the site.
* The population trend is unknown.

= Site characteristics =

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Manzano forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan paniscus''
|-
|Area
|82.6 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -2.558768 , Lon: 16.359817
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area (Community Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Savanna
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Manzano forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2016-2018
|Present
|
|
|22-24
|Mozano Forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|Count method
|[[#R01163|Pennec et al.(2020)]]
|
|COD0127
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Manzano forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Two bonobos with mutilations have been observed, probably due to wire traps ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]]).
|Ongoing (2015)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Manzano forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|1 Development impact mitigation
|1.8 Use set-aside areas of natural habitat (e.g., mining, logging, agricultural areas)
|Decisive move from forest to savanna farming. Most of the savanna farming is done by women and they are supported by being provided training and literacy education, disease-resistant seeds, tools, livestock, and other resources ([[#R01167|Ashden Climate Solutions in Action 2021]]).
|Mbou-Mon-Tour
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|NGOs have worked with communities to develop new, sustainable ways of earning a living. These are to act as alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture and other destructive practices. There have been agriculture projects (diversification of crops) and small ruminant breeding to decrease dependence on the forest for subsistence ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]]).
|Mbou-Mon-Tour
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.9 Strengthen/support/re-install traditions/taboos that forbid the killing of primates
|In this area, local people use the forest almost every day for traditional activities but avoid bonobos because of a traditional taboo. They believe that the bonobo was first a human who failed to repay a debt and escaped to the forest to avoid being enslaved ([[#R01165|Narat et al. 2015b]]).
|Mbou-Mon-Tour
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Developing a communication strategy specifically aimed at reaching a large audience by using popular songs based on the old Teke customs prohibiting the hunting and consumption of bonobo meat.
More than 6,000 pupils and adults were made aware about the importance of great ape and forest conservation ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]])
|Mbou-Mon-Tour
|2001-Ongoing (2015)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|The local people participate in a community-based conservation project (Forest Concession of Local Communities of the Mbali River) led by the Congolese NGO ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]]).
|Mbou-Mon-Tour
|2001-Ongoing (2015)
|-
|6 Species management
|6.1 Habituate primates to human presence to reduce stress from tourists/researchers
|Habituation of the Manzano bonobo community ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]]).
|Mbou-Mon-Tour, Conservatoire pour la protection des primates, Save Our Species, Bonobo ECO
|2010-2013
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|About 70 people work through MMT and its partners and the monthly salary is between 70 and 150 USD, an important income in this region ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]]).
|Mbou-Mon-Tour and it's partners
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Scientific projects, mainly on bonobos, forest ecology and relationships between local people and bonobos ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]])
|Mbou-Mon-Tour and The Conservatoire for Primate Protection.
|2010-Ongoing (2015)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

The main type of research conducted at Manzano Forest is focused mainly on bonobos, forest ecology and relationships between local people and bonobos ([[#R01164|Narat et al. 2015a]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Manzano forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

Flora Pennec, Caroline Gérard, Laura Meterreau, Claude Monghiemo, Jean-Christophe Bokika Nga-wolo, et al.(2020) Spatiotemporal Variation in Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Habitat Use in a Forest–Savanna Mosaic. International Journal of Primatology, Springer Verlag, 2020, ff10.1007/s10764-020-00180-5ff.ffhal-02997629ff

Narat, V., Pennec, F., Ledo-Bisson, L., Bokika Ngawolo, J. C., Dumez, R., & Krief, S. (2015a). Bonobo conservation as a means for local development: An innovative local initiative of community-based conservation in Democratic Republic of Congo. Journal of Primatology, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.4172/2167-6801.1000127.

Narat, V., Pennec, F., Simmen, B., Ngawolo, J. C., & Krief, S. (2015b). Bonobo habituation in a forest-savanna mosaic habitat: influence of ape species, habitat type, and sociocultural context. Primates; journal of primatology, 56(4), 339–349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-015-0476-0

Jean-Christophe Bokika Ngawolo, The M'Bou Mon Tour Project, At the heart of what they do. Bonobos World https://www.bonobosworld.org/en/our-actions/m-bou-mon-tour-ngo

Ashden Climate Solutions in Action (2021). Mbou Mon Tour https://ashden.org/awards/winners/mbou-mon-tour/

'''Page created by: '''Priscilla Stanley Shao''' Date:''' 2024-11-26 08:04:00

Manzano forest - Revision history