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[[Asia]] > [[Thailand]] > [[Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|13.207217, 101.710734~[[Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary]]~''Hylobates pileatus''}}</div>
* Pileated gibbons (''Hylobates pileatus'') are present in Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary.
* The population size is unknown.
* The gibbon population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 1,079 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are human encroachment and expansion of land for agriculture, leading to forest disturbance.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary (KARN) is located in southeastern Thailand, adjacent to Khao Soi Dao Wildlife Sanctuary to the east ([[#R00854|BirdLife International 2021]]). The site was established in 1977 and initially covered 108 sq. km; the sanctuary was then enlarged to 1,030 sq.km in 1992 and to 1,079 sq. km in 2001 ([[#R00855|Phoonjampa et al. 2011]]). The climate of KARN is largely influenced by seasonal monsoons. The topography of KARN is characterized by lowlands and low hills divided by large streams ([[#R00854|BirdLife International 2021]]). The site was designated as an Important Bird Area in 2004 ([[#R00854|BirdLife International 2021]]). KARN has a wide diversity of bird species and also supports three globally near-threatened species: Siamese Fireback, Great Hornbill, and Moustached Hawk ([[#R00854|BirdLife International 2021]]). It is also a wintering site for the globally threatened Silver Oriole, ''Oriolus mellianus''. In addition to pileated gibbons, other mammals species of conservation concern found at the site include Asian elephants, tigers, Asian golden cat, banteng, northern pig-tailed macaques, and fishing cats ([[#R00854|BirdLife International 2021]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Hylobates pileatus''
|-
|Area
|1,079 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 13.207217 , Lon: 101.710734
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

A 2011 study found that gibbon density was significantly different between areas with different logging/protection histories ([[#R00855|Phoonjampa et al. 2011]]). In areas protected since 1977 density was almost three times higher than in the areas protected since 1992 (1.96 groups/km2 vs. 0.77 groups/km2 on average).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Hylobates pileatus''
|2007-2008
|1.61 (range 0-3.66)
|
|
|Khao Ang Ru Nai Wildlife Sanctuary
|Fixed point triangulation
|[[#R00855|Phoonjampa et al. 2011]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Forest disturbance is known to have a significant impact on gibbons; forest areas with higher levels of disturbance (very patchy, more exotic tree plantations, and few emergent trees) had lower pileated gibbon density ([[#R00855|Phoonjampa et al. 2011]]). The relatively low gibbon density in the wider landscape at the site is likely a result from past selective logging, clearance of forest and agricultural expansion, and human settlements ([[#R00855|Phoonjampa et al. 2011]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|Agricultural encroachment ([[#R00854|BirdLife International 2021]]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Throughout most of the site, gibbons avoid areas closer to roads, likely due to easier access for hunters and higher forest disturbance ([[#R00855|Phoonjampa et al. 2011]]).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Lower gibbon densities in parts of the sanctuary that had been more recently logged ([[#R00855|Phoonjampa et al. 2011]]).
|Ongoing (2011)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R00854"></span>BirdLife International (2021) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Khao Ang Ru Nai. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 20/12/2021.

<span id="R00855"></span>Phoonjampa, R., Koenig, A., Brockelman, W. Y., Borries, C., Gale, G. A., Carroll, J. P., & Savini, T. (2011). Pileated Gibbon Density in Relation to Habitat Characteristics and Post-logging Forest Recovery. ''Biotropica'', 43(5), 619-627. [https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00743.x doi:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00743.x]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-12-29

Khao Ang Rue Nai Wildlife Sanctuary - Revision history