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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|0.07, 22.87~[[Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve]]~''Pan paniscus''}}</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The bonobo population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 1,100 km².
* Bonobos at the site are mainly threatened by poaching.
* Conservation interventions have focused on anti-poaching activities, including patrols, removal of snares, and inspecting markets.

= Site characteristics =

Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve (ICBR), established in 2012, is located in one of the four bonobo strongholds, i.e. the northern block, Maringa-Lopori-Wamba Landscape (Bonobo Conservation Action Plan, 2012-2022, IUCN) and encompasses approximately 1,100 km² of tropical moist forest that harbors bonobos (''Pan paniscus''). With the Luo Scientific Reserve and Kokolopori Bonobo Reserve, ICBR contributes to a contiguous 5,627 m² bonobo conservation stronghold.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan paniscus''
|-
|Area
|1,100 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 0.07 , Lon: 22.87
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Bonobos_Distribution.jpg | 400px | thumb| none |Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve and detected points of bonobos in the northern part © Tetsuya Sakamaki and Phila Kasa Levo]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Iyondji_Sign.JPG | 400px | thumb| none |Board of Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve and a ranger © Tetsuya Sakamaki and Phila Kasa Levo]] </li></ul></div>
= Ape status =

We set up a study site of bonobos in 2010 and habituated two bonobo communities by 2016 in the northern part of ICBR. We confirmed at least four groups at the study site. Although there are bonobos in the middle part, they are unknown. The survival of individuals may be at stake in the southern parts (Sakamaki & Kasalevo pers. comm. 2020)

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2010-2016
|Present
|
|
|
|Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve
|Unknown
|
|
|Habituation efforts confirmed the presence of bonobos; total abundance is unknown.
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Temporary hunting and gathering camps, and small hamlets with cassava fields were present within the ICBR. Approximately 10 people lived in a hamlet. According to the villagers, people lived in the forest permanently, and some of their children had never been to the villages along the established roads where there were schools and dispensaries. This situation was, in part, the result of the DRC civil war in the 1990s ([[#R00791|Nackoney et al. 2014]]). Although villagers hunted primarily for their own consumption prior to the civil war, during the warfare the trucking and shipping transportation network collapsed, and the villagers were left with no means of selling cash crops such as coffee beans. As a result, the sale of bush meat became the primary way of earning cash.

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Human presence in the southern part of the reserve ([[#R00791|Nackoney et al. 2014]]).
|Ongoing (2014)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|
|
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|
|
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.5 Inspect bushmeat markets for ape species
|
|
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|
|
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|
|
|Ongoing (2019)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.2 Need for improved coordination
|Sakamaki & Kasalevo pers. comm. 2020
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|Sakamaki & Kasalevo pers. comm. 2020
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|Sakamaki & Kasalevo pers. comm. 2020
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
|Sakamaki & Kasalevo pers. comm. 2020
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Bonobo habituation has been conducted between 2010-2016 ([[#R00792|Sakamaki et al. 2012]]). A census of diurnal monkeys and duikers was conducted in 2014 ([[#R00793|Sakamaki et al. 2016]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Hunting and meat eating
|
|
|
|[[#R00793|Sakamaki et al. 2016]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Iyondji_Bonobo_CR.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Iyondji_Bonobo_CR.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R00790"></span>Dupain, J., Fowler, A., Kasalevo, P., Sakamaki, T., Lingomo, B., Way, T., …, & Facheux, C. (2013). The Process of Creation of a New Protected Area in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The Case of the Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve. ''Pan Africa News'', 20(1), 10-13. [https://doi.org/10.5134/177623 doi:10.5134/177623]

<span id="R00791"></span>Nackoney, J., Molinario, G., Potapov, P., Turubanova, S., Hansen, M. C., & Furuichi, T. (2014). Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. ''Biological Conservation'', 170, 321-328. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033]

<span id="R00792"></span>Sakamaki, T., Kasalevo, P., Bokamba, M. B., & Bongoli, L. (2012). Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve: A Recently Established Reserve in the Democratic Republic of Congo. ''Pan Africa News'', 19(2), 16-19. [https://doi.org/10.5134/168180 doi:10.5134/168180]

<span id="R00793"></span>Sakamaki, T., Maloueki, U., Bakaa, B., Bongoli, L., Kasalevo, P., Terada, S., & Furuichi, T. (2016). Mammals consumed by bonobos (Pan paniscus): new data from the Iyondji forest, Tshuapa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. ''Primates'', 57(3), 295-301. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-016-0529-z doi:10.1007/s10329-016-0529-z]

'''Page created by: '''Tetsuya Sakamaki & Phila Kasalevo''' Date:''' 2020-11-15

Iyondji Community Bonobo Reserve - Revision history