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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|12.04, -15.02~[[Guinea-Bissau Nationwide]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* It has been estimated that 1,908 (CI: 923-6,121) individuals occur in Guinea-Bissau.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 36,125 km².
* No conservation interventions were reported that were implemented at the national level.
* Guinea-Bissau has designated 34 protected areas, which account for 16% and 10% of the terrestrial and marine national territory, respectively.
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Guinea-Bissau.

= Site characteristics =

Guinea-Bissau (36,125 km²) is located within the Guinean forest-savannah mosaic ecoregion, which separates the Guinean moist forests in the south and the West Sudanian savanna in the north (12.1775473, -14.8490914) ([[#R00699|Olson et al., 2001]]). The climate is characterized by a hot wet season (June-October) and a hot dry season (November-May) ([[#R00684|Bersacola et al. 2018]]). During wet season, the average monthly rainfall is 298.2 mm ([[#R00708|World Bank, 2018b]]). During the rest of the year, rain is almost absent. The lowest and highest annual temperatures are during December-January (25°C) and May (29°C). More humid forest is covering the south and drier savannah-riparian forest mosaics is found in the east ([[#R00684|Bersacola et al., 2018]]). Guinea-Bissau contains 34 PAs, which account for 16% and 10% of the terrestrial and marine national territory ([[#R02120|UNEP-WCMC & IUCN, 2018]]). Most Protected areas are managed by the Institute for Biodiversity and Protected Areas (IBAP). After chimpanzees were erroneously considered to be extinct in Guinea-Bissau ([[#R02209|Lee et al. 1988]]), recent field surveys confirmed, that Guinea-Bissau represents the western-most limit of the endangered West African Chimpanzee ''Pan troglodytes verus'' ([[#R02210|Sousa et al. 2005]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Guinea-Bissau Nationwide'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|36,125 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 12.04 , Lon: -15.02
|-
|Type of site
|Unknown
|-
|Habitat types
|Savanna, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Agricultural land
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

Information concerning chimpanzee population status remain scarce ([[#R00705|Torres et al. 2010]]). In 1996, [[#R00691|Gippoliti et al. 2003]] estimated chimpanzee numbers between 600 and 1000 individuals, but recent surveys suggest higher numbers. Chimpanzees are distributed in Guinea-Bissau across the south of the Corubal River. In two protected areas, Cantanhez National Park and Cufada Lagoons Natural Park, chimpanzee occurrence was confirmed (Casanova and [[#R00702|Sousa 2007]]; Brugière et al. 2009). In Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, 137 individuals and a nest density of 0.22 nest builders per km² were estimated ([[#R00687|Carvalho, Marques & Vicente 2013]]). In the Boé region, estimates range from 700 individuals ([[#R00700|Serra, Silva & Lopes 2007]]) to 1465-4415 individuals ([[#R00690|Francisco & Wenceslau 2014]]). In the Cantanhez Region (i.e., Cantanhez Forest NP and surrounding areas like Cacine and Catio), the population size was estimated between 376 and 2,632 individuals ([[#R00705|Torres et al. 2010]]). Within three key forests in central Cantanhez, 281 individuals and a density of 1.1-6.18 weaned individuals/km² was estimated (depending on assumption made for nest reuse in palm trees, [[#R00701|Sousa et al. 2011]]). Recent research suggests that at least 12 chimpanzee communities occur in Cantanhez Forest NP and research is ongoing by Kimberley Hockings and colleagues to assess population numbers (Hockings in prep.).

Based on the modelled density distribution of western chimpanzees across their geographic range [[#R00692|Heinicke et al. (2019)]] estimated 1,908 (CI: 923-6,121) individuals in Guinea-Bissau.

The recent population trend for Guinea-Bissau is unknown. The total area of suitable habitat for chimpanzees was estimated to be 752 km² large (approximately 28% of the Cantanhez Region, [[#R00705|Torres et al. 2010]]). Comparisons of habitat estimates for 1986, 1994 and 2003 revealed a decrease in suitable habitat for chimpanzees between 1986 and 2003 by 270 km² (approximately 30% of the suitable habitat area available in 1986, [[#R00705|Torres et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Guinea-Bissau Nationwide'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2015
|
|
|
|1,908 (923-6,121)
|Nationwide
|Other
|
|[[#R00692|Heinicke et al. 2019]]
|Based on density distribution predicted for geographic range of western chimpanzees using models and transect survey data
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1996
|
|
|
|600-1,000
|Nationwide
|Informed guess
|
|[[#R00691|Gippoliti et al. 2003]]
|This estimate is now considered an underestimate (Goedmakers & Hockings pers. com.)
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Due to high levels of exploitation, loss of habitat and habitat quality as a result of human activities, chimpanzee populations in Guinea-Bissau have probably experienced a significant population reduction in the past 20 to 30 years (IUCN 2011).

General Threats on a national level:

• Habitat destruction and fragmentation (due to agriculture, bush-fires, etc.) ([[#R00696|IUCN & Chimbo 2016]])

• Mining and related habitat destruction and influx of newcomers and pollution ([[#R00689|Dias et al. 2019]], [[#R00690|Francisco & Wenceslau 2014]]; [[#R00696|IUCN & Chimbo 2016]]).

• Even though chimpanzees are rarely hunted, retaliatory killings occur when there are aggressive interactions between humans and chimpanzees foraging on cultivated foods ([[#R00693|Hockings & Sousa 2013]]). There is also an illegal trade pet trade ([[#R00688|Casanova & Sousa 2006]], [[#R00686|Born Free Foundation 2019]]). There is also camera trap evidence of snare injuries on chimpanzees (Hockings, Bersacola, Bessa, Ramon unpublished data).

• Population growth; especially immigration may be a problem as immigrants do not necessarily respect local customs that respect nature ([[#R00696|IUCN & Chimbo 2016]]; [[#R00690|Francisco & Wenceslau 2014]])

• Increased mobility and improved access to chimpanzee habitat (bicycles, motorcycles etc.) ([[#R00687|Carvalho et al. 2013]]).

= Conservation activities =

Chimbo Foundation works on community-based protection in the whole sector of Boé, an important chimpanzee habitat ([[#R00696|IUCN & Chimbo 2016]]). The ”Instituto da Biodiversidade e das Areas Protegidas (IBAP)” implements conservation measurements such as law enforcement, livelihood improvement, and awareness creation. However, conservation interventions that were implemented at the national level were not reported.

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Guinea-Bissau Nationwide'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|[[#R00687|Carvalho et al. 2013]]
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R00705|Torres et al. 2010]]
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R00696|IUCN & Chimbo 2016]]
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Guinea-Bissau Nationwide'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

Geographical research gaps for chimpanzees in Guinea-Bissau are limited to areas north of the Corubal river in the Bafata region and around Canjadude in Boé ([[#R00684|Bersacola et al. 2018]]). Within Guinea-Bissau, research on primates mainly focused on areas south of the Corubal river, coinciding with the region with highest forest cover (Tombali) and where most of the chimpanzee population in Guinea-Bissau occur (Boé, Tombali and Quinara regions). There are ongoing research efforts to monitor and collect behavioural data on chimpanzee communities in Cantanhez Forest NP (Hockings & Sousa 2012; [[#R00693|Hockings & Sousa 2013]]; [[#R02124|Bessa, Sousa & Hockings 2015]]; [[#R00684|Bersacola et al. 2018]]; [[#R00706|Vieira et al 2019]]; [[#R02123|Bersacola 2019]] (PhD thesis); Bessa in prep (PhD thesis)). Research has been carried out in co-operation with national and local authorities, establishing a system for the systematic monitoring and management (Casanova and [[#R00702|Sousa, 2007]]). As part of a Darwin funded project led by Kimberley Hockings (University of Exeter) a biodiversity monitoring project is set up across Cantanhez with IBAP as a project partner.

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

Bersacola, E., Bessa, J., Frazão-Moreira, A., Biro, D., Sousa, C., & Hockings, K. J. (2018). Primate occurrence across a human-impacted landscape in Guinea-Bissau and neighbouring regions in West Africa: using a systematic literature review to highlight the next conservation steps. ''PeerJ'', 6, e4847. [https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4847 doi:10.7717/peerj.4847]

Binczik, A., Roig-Boixeda, P., Heymann, E. W., & Waltert, M. (2017). Conservation of chimpanzeesPan troglodytes verusand other primates depends on forest patches in a West African savannah landscape. ''Oryx'', 53(4), 774-781. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605317001090 doi:10.1017/s0030605317001090]

Born Free Foundation. 2019. Born Free helps relocate two rescued chimps to sanctuary. Online: [https://www.bornfree.org.uk/news/bo-and-bella-chimps www.bornfree.org.uk] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210302175356/https://www.bornfree.org.uk/news/bo-and-bella-chimps link]

Carvalho, J. S., Marques, T. A., & Vicente, L. (2013). Population Status of Pan troglodytes verus in Lagoas de Cufada Natural Park, Guinea-Bissau. ''PLoS ONE'', 8(8), e71527. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0071527 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071527]

Casanova, C. and C. Sousa. 2006. Distribuição das comuni- dades de chimpanzés (Pan troglodytes verus) na região costeira da República da Guiné-Bissau e a sua relação com as comunidades humanas locais. Mission Report (March 2006). Lisboa, Portugal.

Dias, F. S., Wenceslau, J. F. C., Marques, T. A., & Miller, D. L. (2019). Density and distribution of western chimpanzees around a bauxite deposit in the Boé Sector, Guinea‐Bissau. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 81(9). [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23047 doi:10.1002/ajp.23047]

Francisco, J., & Wenceslau, C. 2014. Report?: Bauxite Mining and Chimpanzees Population Distribution , a case study in the Boé sector, Guinea - Bissau. 37.

Gippoliti S et al. 2003. Guinea-Bissau, in Kormos, R. Boesch, C., Bakarr, M.I. & Butynski, T.M. [eds.] Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan, IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK

Heinicke, S., Mundry, R., Boesch, C., Amarasekaran, B., Barrie, A., Brncic, T., …, & Kühl, H. S. (2019). Advancing conservation planning for western chimpanzees using IUCN SSC A.P.E.S.—the case of a taxon-specific database. ''Environmental Research Letters'', 14(6), 64001. [https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab1379 doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab1379]

Hockings, K. J., & Sousa, C. (2013). Human-Chimpanzee Sympatry and Interactions in Cantanhez National Park, Guinea-Bissau: Current Research and Future Directions. ''Primate Conservation'', 26(1), 57-65. [https://doi.org/10.1896/052.026.0104 doi:10.1896/052.026.0104]

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IUCN, & Chimbo. 2016. The conservation of the Savannah Chimpanzees of Guinea Bissau and Senegal. (February), 1–19. Retrieved from http://chimbo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/The-conservation-of-the-Savannah-Chimpanzees-of-Guinea-Bissau-and-Senegal-Report-Workshop-Beli-14-16.2.2016.pdf

Kühl, H. S., Kalan, A. K., Arandjelovic, M., Aubert, F., D’Auvergne, L., Goedmakers, A., …, & Boesch, C. (2016). Chimpanzee accumulative stone throwing. ''Scientific Reports'', 6(1). [https://doi.org/10.1038/srep22219 doi:10.1038/srep22219]

Miguel, R., Sá, M., & Ferreira, M. 2012. The Trade and Ethnobiological Use of chimapanzee body part. TRAFFIC Bulletin, 24(1), 31–34. [https://www.traffic.org/bulletin/vol.24-no.1-april-2012/ link]

Olson DM et al. 2001. Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth: A new global map of terrestrial ecoregions provides an innovative tool for conserving biodiversity. BioScience 51(11): 933-938 [https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2 doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:teotwa]2.0.co;2]

Serra A et al. 2007. Étude de faisabilité du projet «Développement touristique de la Boé au profit de la conservation des Chimpanzés et des populations locales». 1–50. Retrieved from http://chimbo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Etude-de-Faisabilite´-C.-Schwarz-Silva-2007.pdf

Sousa, J., Barata, A. V., Sousa, C., Casanova, C. C. N., & Vicente, L. (2011). Chimpanzee oil‐palm use in southern Cantanhez National Park, Guinea‐Bissau. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 73(5), 485-497. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20926 doi:10.1002/ajp.20926]

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Torres, J., Brito, J. C., Vasconcelos, M. J., Catarino, L., Gonçalves, J., & Honrado, J. (2010). Ensemble models of habitat suitability relate chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) conservation to forest and landscape dynamics in Western Africa. ''Biological Conservation'', 143(2), 416-425. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.007 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2009.11.007]

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Wenceslau, C., & Francisco, J. (2014). Bauxite mining and chimpanzees population distribution, a case study in the Boé sector, Guinea-Bissau. -Chimbo Foundation. [http://chimbo.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Bauxite-Mining-and-Chimpanzees-Population-Distribution-J.-Francisco-2014.pdf link]

Hockings, K. J., Bryson-Morrison, N., Carvalho, S., Fujisawa, M., Humle, T., McGrew, W. C., …, & Matsuzawa, T. (2015). Tools to tipple: ethanol ingestion by wild chimpanzees using leaf-sponges. ''Royal Society Open Science'', 2(6), 150150. [https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150150 doi:10.1098/rsos.150150]

Bersacola, E. (2019). Zooming in on human-wildlife coexistence: Primate community responses in a shared agroforest landscape in Guinea-Bissau [PhD thesis]. Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK.

Bessa, J., Sousa, C., & Hockings, K. J. (2015). Feeding ecology of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) inhabiting a forest‐mangrove‐savanna‐agricultural matrix at Caiquene‐Cadique, Cantanhez National Park, Guinea‐Bissau. ''American Journal of Primatology'', 77(6), 651-665. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22388 doi:10.1002/ajp.22388]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team, Kimberley Hockings, Elena Bersacola, Joana Bessa & Marina Ramon''' Date:''' 2019-12-03

Guinea-Bissau Nationwide - Revision history