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[[Asia]] > [[Thailand]] > [[Bala Forest]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.787548, 101.809392~[[Bala Forest]]~''Symphalangus syndactylus'', ''Hylobates agilis''}}</div>
* Siamangs (''Symphalangus syndactylus'') and agile gibbons (''Hylobates agilis'') are present in Bala Forest.
* In 2005 it was estimated that 19 groups of siamangs and 136 groups of agile gibbons occur in the site.
* The population trends are unknown.
* The site has a total size of 168 km².
* Key threats to apes are forest fragmentation as a result of agricultural expansion and collection of non-timber products.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
* The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary.
= Site characteristics =

The site is located in the southernmost part of Thailand, in the San Kara Kiri mountain range, bordering Belum Forest Reserve in Malaysia ([[#R00073|BirdLife International 2021]]). The site is part of the Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary, which comprises two non-adjacent sectors: the Bala sector in Narathiwat province, and the Hala sector in Yala province ([[#R00073|BirdLife International 2021]]). Although both siamangs and agile gibbons occur in southern Thailand, the range of siamangs is very small and confined to the Bala Forest ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]). The Bala Forest is found in a mountain range with an altitudinal range of 100 to 953 m above sea level ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]). The forest resembles the Malayan mixed dipterocarp forests more than the more seasonal, semi-evergreen forests farther north ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Bala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Symphalangus syndactylus'', ''Hylobates agilis''
|-
|Area
|168 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.787548 , Lon: 101.809392
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

In a 2005 survey, siamangs occurred mostly in the southwestern part of Bala Forest, close to the Malaysian border, while agile gibbons were more evenly distributed throughout the site ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Bala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Hylobates agilis''
|2005
|2.27
|136
|
|Bala Forest
|Fixed point triangulation
|[[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]
|Densities ranged from 1. 05 to 3.27 groups km-2. Mean density of agile gibbons in Bala Forest was 2.27 groups km-2 (SE = 0.18).
|
|-
|''Symphalangus syndactylus''
|2005
|0.32
|19
|
|Bala Forest
|Fixed point triangulation
|[[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]
|The density of siamangs ranged from 0 to 1.43 groups km-2 (average = 0.32, standard error (SE) = 0.08 groups km-2)
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

The expansion of agricultural areas along the border with Malaysia has resulted in loss of forest connectivity between Bala Forest and the forests in Kelantan, Malaysia. Although most of the forest appears to be old-growth, much of the forest was selectively logged before 1990 ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]). Local people were not found hunting gibbons during a survey of the area in 1995. However, local communities do collect non-timber products such as fruits of Baccaurea spp., Dialium spp., and Garcinia atroviridis species, which are also foods for the apes ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]). About 9% of people collect these fruits by cutting trees, thus reducing available food sources for the gibbons. It is therefore crucial to reduce the cutting of fruit trees to allow both species to survive in this small area ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Bala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|Loss of forest connectivity to the forests across the border with Malaysia, due to expansion of agricultural areas along the border ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|People from neighbouring villages collect non-timber products, including fruits that are also food for siamang and agile gibbons ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Much of the forest was selectively logged before the 1990s ([[#R00074|Nongkaew et al. 2018]]).
|1990
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Bala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Bala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Bala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R00073"></span>BirdLife International. (2021). Important Bird Areas factsheet: Hala Sector, Hala-Bala Wildlife Sanctuary and Bang Lang National Park. http://www.birdlife.org

<span id="R00074"></span>Nongkaew, S., Bumrungsri, S., Brockelman, W. Y., Savini, T., Pattanavibool, A., & Thong-Ari, S. (2018). Population density and habitat of siamang and agile gibbon in Bala Forest, southern Thailand. Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society, 62(2).

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-12-29

Bala Forest - Revision history