The APES Atlas - Recent changes [en]

Mayombe National Park

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:43 GMT

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Angola]] > [[Mayombe National Park]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-4.678906, 12.720164~[[Mayombe National Park]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Mayombe National Park.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* Logging, both subsistence and commercial, are major threats to the site, as well as hunting, mining, live trade of infant great apes, and growing agricultural activities.
* Conservation activities have focused on education and awareness raising, conducting regular anti-poaching patrols, and removing ground snares.

= Site characteristics =

The Mayombe Forest is a vast transboundary rainforest spanning approximately 10,000 km² across Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Cabinda (Angola). As the westernmost extension of the Guineo-Congolian biome, its dense, humid forests connect the Congo Basin to the Atlantic coast, forming a critical ecological corridor that supports exceptional biodiversity and facilitates genetic exchange across national borders ([[#R01192|Cravo-Mota et al. 2026]]).
Within the southwestern part of this forest lies Mayombe National Park (MNP), covering approximately 2,000 km². The park protects one of Angola's last remaining intact blocks of tropical rainforest and represents a key stronghold for the country's forest biodiversity ([[#R01192|Cravo-Mota et al. 2026]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Mayombe National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|1,930 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -4.678906 , Lon: 12.720164
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

The presence of chimpanzees and gorillas in the park was confirmed in 2023 ([[#R01192|Cravo-Mota et al. 2026]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Mayombe National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2024
|Present
|
|
|
|Mayombe National Park, central-western sector (60 km²)
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R01192|Cravo-Mota et al. 2026]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2023
|Present
|
|
|
|Mayombe National Park, central-western sector (60 km²)
|Camera trap
|
|[[#R01192|Cravo-Mota et al. 2026]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Mayombe National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Most of the species hunted are not great apes, but a small number of local hunters connected to the illegal trade in Cabinda and neighbouring countries do target them ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.3 Commercial bushmeat trade
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Anarchic logging is practiced for subsistence and commercial use ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Anarchic logging is practiced for subsistence and commercial use ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.4 Capture for the live animal trade
|Present (unknown severity)
|Gorilla and chimpanzee infants are captured alive for the illegal pet trade ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Habitat loss due to slash-and-burn cultivation ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Illegal mining activities ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Small scale husbandry of pigs, goats, sheep, chickens, and ducks, limited to subsistence use ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

A management plan for Mayombe National Park was developed in 2019 through an extensive stakeholder consultation process involving government agencies, park staff, local communities, traditional leaders, and the private sector ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]). The plan outlines management actions to address key conservation threats, including a zoning scheme and a proposed park expansion based on ecological and social considerations. While implementation has been partially supported through projects funded by UNDP-GEF, FAO, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and other partners, additional funding and cross-border collaboration remain essential. The plan emphasizes community participation and sustainable livelihood development, consistent with Angola's protected area legislation, while the Jane Goodall Institute provides technical support and assists with the rehabilitation of confiscated great apes ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Mayombe National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The national park was established in 2011.
|
|2011-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Foot and road patrols by rangers ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|Rangers de-activate and remove snares ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Park rangers engage in community outreach and education ([[#R01193|Ron 2020]]).
|
|Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Mayombe National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R01193|Ron 2020]]
|Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Mayombe National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.3 Strong transboundary cooperation
|[[#R01193|Ron 2020]]
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|[[#R01193|Ron 2020]]
|Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01192"></span>Cravo-Mota, M., Lutondo, E. K., Mbenza, J. M., Catuti, G. D., Simão, T., Segunda, D., …, & Carvalho, S. (2026). A new southern limit for the distribution of African great apes: sympatric western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) confirmed in Mayombe National Park, Angola. ''Primates'', 67(5), 541-547. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-026-01252-5 doi:10.1007/s10329-026-01252-5]

<span id="R01193"></span>Ron, T. (2020, November). The struggle for survival in the Maiombe Forest continues. Berggorilla & Regenwald Direkthilfe e.V. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/species/western-gorillas/articles-western-gorillas/the-struggle-for-survival-in-the-maiombe-forest-continues/

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2026-07-22

Zwedru Proposed Protected Area

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:42 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Liberia > Zwedru Proposed Protected Area '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zwedru_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zwedru_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zwedru_Propose..."

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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Zwedru Proposed Protected Area]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|6.32, -8.40~[[Zwedru Proposed Protected Area]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are likely to be present in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 637.15 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, large-scale mining and commercial logging.
* Zwedru Proposed Protected Area has been designated a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) and an International Bird Area (IBA).

= Site characteristics =

Zwedru Proposed Protected Area is located 20 km west of the town Zwedru – the capital of Grand Gedeh county - on the northern border between Liberia and Côte D’Ivoire. It has been designated an IBA and a KBA, because it is the only known site where the critically endangered Liberian greenbul, ''Phyllastrephus leucolepis'', has been reported ([[#R01987|Johnson 2015]]). No information about other surveys at this site could be found. During the nationwide survey in 2010-2012 ([[#R01989|Tweh et al. 2014]]), the survey teams found fresh and old chimpanzee nests three kilometres from the border of Zwedru Proposed Protected Area, on the north-western boundary of the site (Junker unpubl. data).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|637.15 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 6.32 , Lon: -8.40
|-
|Type of site
|Proposed protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

A survey of indicator species was undertaken in 2005 (FFI 2005). This was a collaborative effort of Fauna & Flora International (FFI) the FDA, Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia (EPA) and the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (MPEA). However, no further details on this survey could be found.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2012
|Present
|
|
|
|Zwedru Proposed Protected Area
|Other
|
|[[#R01988|Junker et al. 2015]] (Fig. 6A, Appendix B)
|The site itself was not surveyed, estimate based on a nationwide chimpanzee abundance model
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

The entire proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold, diamonds and other minerals except for iron ore owned by Superior Mineral Resources Inc. ([[#R01987|Johnson 2015]]). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration ([[#R01990|Wilson et al. 2017]]). Zwedru Proposed Protected Area overlapped with illegally issued Private-Use Permit (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private land owners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness ([[#R01986|Global Witness 2013]]) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded ([[#R01987|Johnson 2015]]). Moderate amounts of hunting signs were also recorded on two line transects about 3 km south-west of Zwedru Proposed Protected Area (Junker unpubl. data).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Mining for gold, diamonds and other minerals, except for iron ore ([[#R01987|Johnson 2015]]).
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Hunting signs recorded (Junker unpubl. data).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Area overlapped with Private-Use Permits, which have been withdrawn ([[#R01986|Global Witness 2013]], [[#R01987|Johnson 2015]]).
|2013-2015
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

No conservation activities have been reported for the site.

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

No information on research activities has been documented.

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02349|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02349|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.5
|26.6
|26.6
|26.7
|27.8
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1943
|1960
|2017
|1994
|2082
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|22.4
|25.1
|23.7
|27
|24.9
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6
|9.5
|9.1
|9.6
|13
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|1.5
|1.14
|2
|1.23
|3
|1.13
|9.5
|1.23
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|11
|100
|9
|100
|16
|100
|18
|100
|-
|River flood
|1.75
|0.64
|3.5
|4.24
|3.25
|4.07
|5.5
|3.14
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0.5
|0.09
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.51
|30
|0.49
|29
|0.51
|29
|0.54
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Zwedru.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Zwedru.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Zwedru Proposed Protected Area]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01986"></span>Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.

<span id="R01987"></span>Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).

<span id="R01988"></span>Junker, J., Boesch, C., Freeman, T., Mundry, R., Stephens, C., & Kühl, H. S. (2015). Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. ''Basic and Applied Ecology'', 16(8), 690-702. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002 doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002]

<span id="R01989"></span>Tweh, C. G., Lormie, M. M., Kouakou, C. Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H. S., & Junker, J. (2015). Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. ''Oryx'', 49(4), 710-718. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001191 doi:10.1017/s0030605313001191]

<span id="R01990"></span>Wilson, S. T. K., Wang, H., Kabenge, M., & Qi, X. (2017). The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. ''Environmental Science and Pollution Research'', 24(23), 18711-18720. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9647-4 doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9647-4]

<span id="R02349"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-10-28

Zone Humide d'Ebogo

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:42 GMT

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Zone Humide d'Ebogo]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zone_Humide_d'Ebogo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zone_Humide_d'Ebogo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zone_Humide_d'Ebogo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zone_Humide_d'Ebogo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zone_Humide_d'Ebogo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|3.397017, 11.462335~[[Zone Humide d'Ebogo]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Zone Humide d'Ebogo.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The population trends are unknown.
* The site has a total size of 30.97 km².
* Forest loss and forest degradation due to wood harvesting, agriculture and collection of non-timber forest products are some of the known threats in the site.
* Conservation activities are unknown.
* The site was designated a Ramsar site in 2012.

= Site characteristics =

The site is located about 40 km south of Yaoundé, the capital city of Cameroon. The area supports several IUCN Red-Listed plant species including the African Pearwood (''Baillonella toxisperma''), Sapele (''Entandrophragma cylindricum'') and Ebony (''Diospyros crassiflora''). It also supports nationally important animal species such as the Nile Monitor (''Varanus niloticus'') and the African Python (''Python sebae'') as well as over 100 waterbird species. The temporarily flooded marshes serve as food and breeding ground for waterbirds. It was designated as a [[#R01984|Ramsar site in 2012]]. The forest also supports a rich diversity of non-timber forest products important to the local population both as a source of food and as a cultural heritage ([https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/2068 Ramsar 2012]). The area is surrounded by the Mbalyamo Forest Reserve.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|30.97 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 3.397017 , Lon: 11.462335
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|
|
|
|
|
|Zone Humide d'Ebogo
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|
|
|
|
|
|Zone Humide d'Ebogo
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Built areas around the eastern and western boundaries of the site ([[#R01983|Liliane et al. 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Agriculture is a major cause of forest degradation in and around the site ([[#R01983|Liliane et al. 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Collection of NFTPs for food and medicine ([[#R01983|Liliane et al. 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Wood harvesting ([[#R01983|Liliane et al. 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is protected internationally as a Ramsar site since 2012, but the management plan and national authority for the site are unknown ([[#R01985|UNEP-WCMC 2023]]).
|
|2012-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02348|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2°C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3°C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02348|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [°C]
|23.8
|25
|24.9
|25.2
|26.2
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2228
|2308
|2326
|2389
|2375
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|28.6
|17.3
|18.5
|15.3
|21.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6
|7.8
|8.1
|8.5
|9.5
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Zone Humide d'Ebogo'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|7
|1.3
|4.5
|1.28
|4.5
|0.78
|16.5
|0.96
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|0
|0
|0.5
|50
|2.5
|100
|2
|100
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.35
|2
|4.69
|0.5
|2.76
|3
|0.84
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.27
|30
|0.3
|29
|0.28
|29
|0.33
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: PrecipAnomaly_Zone_Humide_d_Ebogo.png | 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Zone Humide d'Ebogo]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: TempAnomaly_Zone_Humide_d_Ebogo.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Zone Humide d'Ebogo]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

[https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/2068 Ramsar]

= References =

<span id="R01982"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H.S., Ferreira, J., Sop, T., Carvalho, J., Mengel, M., Heinicke, S. (subm) Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

<span id="R01983"></span>Liliane, M. D., Romain, N. J., Caroline, M. S. M., Abigaelle, T., & Loic, T. T. A. (2022). Quantifying Forest Loss in the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve (Center Region, Cameroon). ''Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection'', 10(09), 271-288. [https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2022.109016 doi:10.4236/gep.2022.109016]

<span id="R01984"></span>Ramsar (2012. Zone Humide d'Ebogo. Online: https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/2068 [https://web.archive.org/web/20250814013118/https://rsis.ramsar.org/fr/ris/2068 link]

<span id="R01985"></span>UNEP-WCMC (2023). Protected Area Profile for Zone Humide d'Ebogo from the World Database on Protected Areas, May 2023. Available at: www.protectedplanet.net [http://www.protectedplanet.net link]

<span id="R02348"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-05-26

ZICGC 9

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:41 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > ZICGC 9 '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[ZICGC 9]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/ZICGC_9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.267269, 15.280241~[[ZICGC 9]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in ZICGC 9.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of approx 2,800 km².
* Key threats to great apes are not documented.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

The site is located between the Boumba River and [[Lobéké National Park]], to the west of the Moloundou Road. ZICGC stands for ''Zones d'Intéret Cynégétique à Gestion Communautaire'', areas where communities can exploit flora and fauna under community-led management plans with the oversight of governmental conservation authorities ([[#R01980|Nelson 2003]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for ZICGC 9'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 2.267269 , Lon: 15.280241
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area (Community Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

Within ZICGC 9, the areas with the highest gorilla population densities have been estimated to range between 4 to 6 individuals per km ([[#R01981|Nelson & Venant 2008]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for ZICGC 9'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|
|
|
|
|
|ZICGC 9
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

The selection criteria required for joining the group of community delegates responsible for managing the ZICGC such as the need for French literacy, mitigates against the membership of Baka community representatives. In 2002, less than 10% of the delegates for ZICGC 9 were from the Baka majority, and they were mainly chosen by local Bantu chiefs, not by the Baka themselves ([[#R01980|Nelson 2003]]). As a result, management decisions can come into direct conflict with the livelihood strategies of the Baka. For example, the committee can allow safari companies access to primer forest hunting areas, which the Baka rely on for subsistence ([[#R01980|Nelson 2003]]).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for ZICGC 9'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for ZICGC 9'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for ZICGC 9'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02347|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02347|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in ZICGC 9'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.6
|26
|25.9
|26.2
|27.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1305
|1327
|1352
|1378
|1357
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|25.2
|20.9
|22.6
|17.8
|21.2
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.3
|5.6
|6.3
|6.2
|7.6
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in ZICGC 9'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|7.5
|0.04
|6.5
|0.03
|8
|0.08
|19
|0.05
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|5
|50
|4
|100
|5.5
|100
|12.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0.25
|0.01
|0
|0
|0.5
|0.14
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.7
|30
|0.82
|29
|0.57
|29
|0.67
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_ZICGS09.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in ZICGC 9]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_ZICGS09.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in ZICGC 9]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01980"></span>Nelson, J. (2003). Cameroon: Baka losing out to Lobeke and Boumba National Parks. WRM bulletin, (67).Online: https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/cameroon-baka-losing-out-to-lobeke-and-boumba-national-parks

<span id="R01981"></span>Nelson, J., & Venant, M. (2008). Indigenous peoples’ participation in mapping of traditional forest resources for sustainable livelihoods and great ape conservation. United Nations Environment Programme/Forest Peoples Programme.

<span id="R02347"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-05-19

Ziama Biosphere Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:41 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Republic of Guinea > Ziama Biosphere Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ziama_Biosphere_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ziama_Biosphere_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ziama_Biosphere_Reserve?..."

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[[West Africa]] > [[Republic of Guinea]] > [[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.28, -9.34~[[Ziama Biosphere Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Ziama Biosphere Reserve.
* It has been estimated that less than 20 chimpanzees occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is stable.
* This site has a total size of 1,162 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting, agricultural activities, roads and deforestation.
* The following conservation activities are ongoing: law enforcement, bio-monitoring and reducing illegal agricultural activities.
* Ziama Biosphere Reserve has the last population of forest elephants in Guinea.

= Site characteristics =

Ziama Biosphere Reserve (also called Massif du Ziama, Ziama Classified Forest) is located in southern Guinea and is contiguous with Wonegizi Nature Reserve in Liberia ([https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018]). It is designated a Classified Forest ([[#R02144|IUCN category not reported, UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018]]) and is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1980 ([http://www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02 UNESCO MAB 2007]). The forest is located in Guinée forestière, one of four Guinean natural regions, and is part of the region N'Zérékoré. Ziama massif is part of the Guinea Highlands and the altitude of the area ranges from 500 to 1,387 m ([[#R01978|UNESCO MAB 2007]]). Due to its diverse topographic features, including mountains, valleys and plateaus, Ziama forest features different habitat types: primary mountain forests, secondary mountain forests, and secondary lowland forest, swamps and savannas ([[#R01978|UNESCO MAB 2007]]). The terrain is very rugged and annual rainfall ranges from 1,700 to 2,000 mm ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375 BirdLife International 2018]).

In a conservation priority setting workshop in 2001, Ziama forest was identified as one of the most important areas for biodiversity conservation between Guinea and Togo ([[#R01970|Bakarr et al. 2001]]). One of its most notable features is that its forest elephant (''Loxodonta africana'') population is the last population in Guinea ([forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ AFEF 2017]). With its 287 bird species, Ziama is also an Important Bird Area ([[#R01971|BirdLife International 2018]]). Furthermore, it harbors 31 bat species, 54 reptile species, 30 amphibian species as well as more than 1,300 plant species ([http://www.wildchimps.org WCF 2012]). Together with Diéké Classified Forest, Ziama Biosphere Reserve is one of the last remaining large forest blocks in southern Guinea.

Ziama forest has a total size of 1,161.70 km² and is divided into three management areas: a core area of 425.4 km², a buffer zone of 272.3 km², and a transition area of 463.9 km² (Brugiere & Kormos 2009). It is about 40 km from the town of Macenta ([[#R01971|BirdLife International 2018]]), and 100 km from the city of N’Zérékoré ([[#R01978|UNESCO MAB 2007]]). According to a survey from 1980, around 29,000 people live within the biosphere reserve ([[#R01978|UNESCO MAB 2007]]). There is also a forestry concession of 300 km² in the transition zone with a forestry station and chipboard production ([[#R01978|UNESCO MAB 2007]]), as well as a palm grove ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|1,162 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.28 , Lon: -9.34
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Classified Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Agricultural land
|-
|Type of governance
|Shared governance
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

Based on a nation-wide questionnaire survey, the presence of western chimpanzees was confirmed by [[#R01976|Sugiyama & Soumah (1988)]]. In a nationwide survey Rebecca Kormos identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as the second most important priority area for western chimpanzee conservation in Guinea due to high chimpanzee densities encountered during reconnaissance surveys ([[#R01974|Ham 1998]]). However, a recent nationwide survey by the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation found very low densities of chimpanzee signs and was therefore not able to estimate total chimpanzee abundance ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]). WCF concluded that less than 20 individuals remain and are restricted to high altitude areas that are unsuitable for agriculture (2012).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2016
|
|
|
|
|Ziama forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|FFI
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2012
|
|0.04
|
|20.0
|Ziama forest
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01979|WCF 2012]]
|Total survey effort: 157 km, encounter rate was too low to estimate total abundance, the value given is an approximation
|GIN0002, GIN0010<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+9 more" data-collapsetext="less">GIN0016, GIN0020, GIN0023, GIN0024, GIN0025, GIN0027, GIN0029, GIN0036, GIN0069</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1997
|
|
|
|
|Ziama forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01974|Ham 1998]]
|Reconnaissance survey
|GIN0021
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1988
|Present
|
|
|50.0
|Ziama forest
|Interviews
|
|[[#R01976|Sugiyama & Soumah 1988]]
|Questionnaire survey
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Ziama forest was shown to have a high prevalence of anthropogenic pressures ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]). Already in the 1990s hunting was recognized as a major threat to chimpanzees ([[#R01974|Ham 1998]]) and during their recent survey of the area WCF also found a very high density of hunting signs ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]). A survey by [[#R02145|FFI in 2016]] revealed that illegal agricultural activities in wetlands, i.e., bas-fonds farming, led to large-scale forest fragmentation ([https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve FFI 2018]). Threats are especially prevalent along the northern forest border where several villages and roads can be found ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]). This is also where a major road connecting the urban centres of Macenta and N’Zérékoré passes through, resulting in high rates of deforestation and hunting in the two northern forest enclaves ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]). The two southern forest enclaves close to the border with Liberia had been the scene of territorial conflicts during the war in Liberia, which led to the serious degradation of the forest ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Recent expansion of village settlements ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]).
|2005-Ongoing (2012)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Illegal agriculture across large areas of the forest ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]], Estela pers. comm. 2022), especially bas-fonds farming in wetlands ([[#R01973|FFI 2018]]).
|2012-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Recent extension of roads around villages in the North ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]). National road crosses the PA, as well as roads that connect enclaves to the national road (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting consistently mentioned as a major threat ([[#R01974|Ham 1998]], [[#R01979|WCF 2012]], Estela pers. comm. 2022).
|1998-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects
|Present (unknown severity)
|Great apes injured by traps probably intended for other animals (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
|Present (unknown severity)
|Human wildlife conflict has been reported, with interactions between humans and great apes leading to various challenges, including crop raiding by great apes, people feeling unsafe around them, shared use of water sources and wild natural resources such as forest fruits, unexpected encounters on paths or trails, and, in some cases, the killing of great apes for trade or cultural reasons (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Deforestation especially prevent in the North [10], territorial conflict during the Liberian war resulted in forest degradation in the South ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8.4 Pathogens
|Present (unknown severity)
|A potential risk of disease transmission between humans and apes was reported (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|9 Pollution
|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
|Present (unknown severity)
|Use of herbicides and pesticides in the wetlands under agriculture in the buffer zone (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

The Centre Forestier de N'Zérékore, attached to the Ministry of the Environment and Sustainable Development, is the management authority of Ziama MAB. Partners like UNOPS and Fauna & Flora International have been supporting CFZ to develop baseline for the protected area, the management plan and the implementation of management activities since 2016 (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022). In the 1990’s the forest was divided into three land-use zones, the outer two allowing for different degrees of human activities, while the core of the forest was designated an ‘integrally protected area’ ([[#R01975|METT 2009]]). From 1994 until 2008 the work of the park authorities was financially supported by the World Bank and the KfW as part of the PROGERFOR project (METT 20019). Since 2009 Fauna & Flora International (FFI) supports the work of park authorities as part of the FFI transboundary project with Wonegizi proposed protected area in Liberia. Specifically FFI supports law enforcement and biomonitoring, and works with farmers to encourage a transition from bas-fonds agriculture in wetlands to using land close to the villages and outside of the forest. FFI also started developing a management plan ([[#R01973|FFI 2018]]). The African Forest Elephant Foundation (AFEF) is fundraising for better equipment for rangers from forest authorities that are protecting forest elephants ([[#R01969|AFEF 2017]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|1 Development impact mitigation
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
|FFI works with local farmers to encourage them to use land around villages and outside of the forest for farming instead wetlands ([[#R01973|FFI 2018]])
|
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|CFZ in Ziama has a SMART database and produces monthly reports to improve the effectiveness of the law enforcement since 2019 (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|2019-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|Community auxiliaries take part of the reconnaissance patrols with CFZ rangers and report back to the community about the findings (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Developing an environmental feasibility study on fish farming (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|The Centre Forestière de N’Zérékoré conducts anti-poaching patrols and is supported by FFI ([[#R01973|FFI 2018]]). Patrols and law enforcement activities were reported again in 2025 (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|
|2018-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|Biomonitoring and anti-poaching patrols by rangers of the Centre Forestier de N'Zérékoré's, the management authority (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.7 Provide better equipment (e.g., guns) to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|AFEF is fundraising to provide rangers with boots ([[#R01969|AFEF 2017]])
|
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Training on SMART, GPS use, prosecution processes, social safeguards (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Awareness-raising activities, such as teaching people about great apes, are reported (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Local communities are involved in conservation through the establishment of local governance committees in riverside villages, with participation in decision-making meetings such as CoCoSi and CCO (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.3 Install billboards to raise ape conservation awareness
|Billboards of protected species in the main villages of Ziama (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.1 Create buffer zones around protected ape habitat
|Forest was divided into three land-use zones, with the core of the forest being designated as an Integrally Protected Area ([[#R01975|METT 2009]])
|
|Unknown
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Designated as Classified Forest ([[#R01977|UNEP-WCMC and IUCN 2018]])
|
|1932-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
|CFZ rangers and communities are currently defining the limits of the PA, given they were not clear on the ground, and it created conflicts between rangers and people from communities (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Replanting activities by park authorities ([[#R01975|METT 2009]]). Forest rehabillitation and protection activities were also reported (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|
|2008, 2009-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.8 Restrict number of people that are allowed access to site
|Core zones are restricted, only CFZ rangers or researchers can access. The buffer zone allows some activities that will be regulated by co-management as stated in the Management Plan (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|Local people are employed in conservation projects (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|Local communities are supported in developing ecotourism, creating alternative income sources such as selling local products, and managing their own forests (APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025).
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
|About 50 CFZ rangers based in Ziama and 10 FFI staff focused on supporting the effective management of the PA (Estela, N. pers. Comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|[[#R01975|METT 2009]]
|2009-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Sufficient staff
|APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 Continuous/long-term funding
|APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R01975|METT 2009]]
|2009-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
|[[#R01975|METT 2009]]
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|APES Atlas team pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

From 1996 to 1997 Rebecca Kormos (née Ham) did a nationwide survey on chimpanzees across Guinea ([[#R01974|Ham 1998]]), and identified Ziama Biosphere Reserve as a priority site. To inform the extension of the protected area network [[#R01972|Brugière and Kormos (2009)]] identified 16 Key Biodiversity Areas across Guinea based on the occurrence of globally threatened large and medium-sized mammals, among which Ziama Classified Forest ranked first. The Wild Chimpanzee Foundation did a nationwide inventory of chimpanzee populations in Guinea between 2009 and 2011. The WCF monitoring team covered a total of 10 sites, including Ziama Biosphere Reserve, using transect surveys ([[#R01979|WCF 2012]]). In 2016 FFI conducted a biomonitoring and threat monitoring study in Ziama ([[#R01973|FFI 2018]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02346|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02346|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.3
|25.5
|25.4
|25.5
|26.7
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2448
|2482
|2522
|2553
|2646
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|29.9
|31.2
|30.5
|32.3
|35.7
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.2
|8.6
|7.7
|8.6
|9.9
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ziama Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|5.5
|1.66
|5.5
|1.66
|4.5
|1.66
|7
|1.66
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|6
|100
|6.5
|100
|8.5
|100
|8.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|0.5
|0.85
|1
|3.21
|1.5
|3.39
|4
|1.95
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.6
|30
|0.6
|29
|0.59
|29
|0.61
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Ziama.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Ziama Biosphere Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Ziama.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Ziama Biosphere Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01969"></span>AFEF. 2017. African Forest Elephant Foundation. Phase Two – Ziama (Guinea). Online: [forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ forestelephants.org] [https://forestelephants.org/phase-two-ziama/ link]

<span id="R01970"></span>Bakarr M et al. 2001. in IUCN 2008. From forest to the sea: biodiversity connections from Guinea to Togo. Conservation priority setting workshop. Washington D.C., USA: Conservation International

<span id="R01971"></span>BirdLife International. 2018. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Massif du Ziama. Online: [http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/6375 www.birdlife.org]

<span id="R01972"></span>Brugière D, Kormos R. 2009. Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation, Biodiversity and Conservation, 18:847 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9508-z doi:10.1007/s10531-008-9508-z]

<span id="R01973"></span>FFI. 2018. Fauna & Flora International . Supporting effective management of Ziama Man and Biosphere Reserve. Online: [www.fauna-flora.org/projects/supporting-effective-management-ziama-man-biosphere-reserve www.fauna-flora.org]

<span id="R01974"></span>Ham R. 1998. Nationwide chimpanzee census and large mammal survey Republic of Guinea

<span id="R01975"></span>METT. 2009. Management Effectiveness Evaluations – Forêt Classée de Ziama. Online: [https://papaco.org/guinea/ papaco.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20171210121530/http://papaco.org:80/guinea/ link]

<span id="R01976"></span>Sugiyama, Y., & Soumah, A. G. (1988). Preliminary survey of the distribution and population of chimpanzees in the Republic of Guinea. ''Primates'', 29(4), 569-574. [https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02381144 doi:10.1007/bf02381144]

<span id="R01977"></span>UNEP-WCMC, IUCN. 2018. Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA), Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN Online: [https://www.protectedplanet.net/massif-du-ziama-classified-forest www.protectedplanet.net] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190919232508/https://www.protectedplanet.net/lagoas-de-cufada-natural-park link]

<span id="R01978"></span>UNESCO MAB. 2007. UNESCO MAB Biosphere Reserve Directory. Massif du Ziama. Online: [www.unesco.org/mabdb/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?mode=all&code=GUI+02 www.unesco.org]

<span id="R01979"></span>WCF. 2012. Etat de la faune et des menaces dans les aires protégées terrestres et principales zones de forte biodiversité de Rep. de Guinée. Report. Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Sangaredi, Republic of Guinea. Online: [http://www.wildchimps.org www.wildchimps.org]

<span id="R02144"></span>IUCN. 2018. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Available at http://www. iucnredlist.org/ (accessed on 11 February 2018). [http://www.iucnredlist.org/ link]

<span id="R02145"></span>FFI. 2016. Community-based Conservation: the Wonegizi REDD+ pilot.

<span id="R02346"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Neus Estela & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-01-23

'''Page updated by: '''APES Atlas team''' Date:''' 2025-08-15

Zemongo Faunal Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:40 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Central African Republic > Zemongo Faunal Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Res..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Central African Republic]] > [[Zemongo Faunal Reserve]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zemongo_Faunal_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|6.752278, 25.207170~[[Zemongo Faunal Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''}}</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Zemongo Faunal Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 10,100 km².
* Poaching is a key threat to chimpanzees and other wildlife in the reserve
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

Zemongo Faunal Reserve was established in 1925. The reserve is located in southeastern Central African Republic, bordering South Sudan to the northeast, and contiguous with Chinko Nature Reserve (Hughes & Hughes 1992). Originally the site was delineated as a 4,800 km² reserve to provide protection to the now extinct white and black rhinoceros ([[#R01967|Plumptre et al. 2010]]). The site was extended and redesignated in 1975. The reserve has expanded to include a very diverse habitat in the region, marking the transition between Congolian rainforest and Sahelian grasslands ([[#R01967|Plumptre et al. 2010]]). Zemongo comprises 10,100 sq. km, of which 1,720 sq. km consist of inundated forest. The site is situated in the Vovado river watershed (Hughes & Hughes 1992). The site is the only protected area in the region within the current known chimpanzee range ([[#R01967|Plumptre et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|-
|Area
|10,100 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 6.752278 , Lon: 25.207170
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Faunal Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Savanna
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

The presence of chimpanzees was reported during a survey prior to 2010; two nests and a footprint were found ([[#R01967|Plumptre et al. 2010]]). There is a clear need for surveys to determine the current status of chimpanzees at the site ([[#R01967|Plumptre et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|
|
|
|
|
|Zemongo Faunal Reserve
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

The human population is small along the border with Sudan, where chimpanzees inhabit forests. However, Zemongo is the only protected area in the region, and illegal poachers and armed militia coming from Sudan are increasingly common, as well as shepherds and refugees from South Sudan ([https://www.un-grasp.org/our-partners/range-states/central-african-republic/ GRASP]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Intense hunting in the buffer zone of the reserve ([[#R01968|Varty 2005]]).
|Ongoing (2005)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

Despite the absence of conservation activities in the region, CAR’s National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan proposes rehabilitation of the reserve. This objective is reiterated in CAR’s National Operation Plan for COMIFAC ([[#R01967|Plumptre et al. 2010]]).

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02345|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02345|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.9
|26
|25.7
|26.3
|27.2
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1608
|1659
|1702
|1691
|1744
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|41.9
|53
|49.3
|51.7
|56.2
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.5
|8.9
|9.7
|9.1
|10.6
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Zemongo Faunal Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|16.5
|0.01
|8.5
|0.01
|16.5
|0
|27.5
|0.01
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|3
|35
|2
|32.14
|2
|41.67
|4
|41.67
|-
|River flood
|1.75
|0.72
|2.5
|0.53
|2
|0.71
|2.75
|0.52
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.88
|30
|0.91
|29
|0.87
|29
|0.9
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Zemongo.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Zemongo Faunal Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Zemongo.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Zemongo Faunal Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01966"></span>Hughes. R. H.. Hughes. J. S.. A directory of African wetlands. 23 April 2011. 1992. IUCN. 978-2-88032-949-5. 485.

<span id="R01967"></span>Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp. [http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/ECCAP.pdf link]

<span id="R01968"></span>Varty, N. (2005). Central African Republic. World Atlas of Great Apes and Their Conservation. UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Center, 314.

<span id="R02345"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-01-15

Zanaga

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:40 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Republic of the Congo > Zanaga '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Republic of the Congo]] > [[Zanaga]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zanaga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-2.468761, 13.627850~[[Zanaga]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Zanaga.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 25,570 km².
* Key threats to apes are illegal logging, hunting and mining activities.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

The site is part of the Birougou-Batéké-Zanaga landscape, which has been identified as a priority landscape for western lowland gorilla and central chimpanzee conservation ([[#R01964|IUCN 2014]]). The site overlaps with one of the largest iron ore deposits in Africa, located in a strip 47 kilometres long and three kilometres wide in the Republic of the Congo, bordering Gabon. A core section of the GuineoCongolian Forest is found over this vast mineral deposit, where endangered species like western lowland gorillas, chimpanzees, and forest elephants are found. Moreover, adjacent to the deposit lies the Ogooué River, one of Africa’s largest rivers by discharge ([[#R01965|Stiles 2014]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|25,570 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -2.468761 , Lon: 13.627850
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|
|
|
|
|
|Zanaga
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|
|
|
|
|
|Zanaga
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

[https://www.zanagairon.com/about-us/ Zanaga Iron Ore Company Limited] is an iron ore exploration and development company, incorporated in the British Virgin Islands. The Company listed on AIM in November 2010 and trades under the symbol “ZIOC”. The logging companies operating in the area have already done a great deal of damage to the ecosystem diversity and composition of the forests surrounding the mine (Sitles 2014).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Presence of a large scale iron ore mine project ([[#R02015|on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project]]) .
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Commercial hunting is the biggest threat to wildlife in the area ([[#R01964|IUCN 2014]]).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Three Asian logging companies operating in overlapping parts of the mine concession. Loggers are principally interested in exploiting and exporting Okoumé (Aucoumea klaineana), a hardwood used for plywood ([[#R01965|Stiles 2014]]).
|Ongoing (2014)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02344|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02344|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|23.7
|24.8
|24.7
|24.9
|26
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1973
|1979
|2010
|2038
|2001
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|37.5
|28.8
|26.3
|33.9
|27.2
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.1
|9
|8.9
|8.8
|9.2
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Zanaga'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|4.5
|0.01
|6.5
|0.01
|6
|0
|13
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|1
|50
|0.5
|50
|1
|50
|4
|50
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.6
|30
|0.59
|29
|0.62
|29
|0.58
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Zanaga]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Zanaga or MPD.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Zanaga]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01964"></span>IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature (2014). Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of Western Lowland Gorillas and Central Chimpanzees 2015–2025. International Union for Conservation of Nature. [https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2005.ssc-rap.1.en doi:10.2305/iucn.ch.2005.ssc-rap.1.en]

<span id="R01965"></span>Stiles, D. (2014). The Zanaga iron ore mine – a test of best laid plans for preserving wildlife. Retrieved February 27, 2023 from Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2014/10/the-zanaga-iron-ore-mine-a-testof-best-laid-plans-for-preserving-wildlife/

<span id="R02344"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

<span id="R02015"></span>on.com/project/ Zanaga Iron Ore Project. https://www.zanagair

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-02-24

Zamakoe Forest Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:39 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > Zamakoe Forest Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=au..."

New page

[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Zamakoe Forest Reserve]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Zamakoe_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|3.566500, 11.532375~[[Zamakoe Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') and Western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Zamakoe Forest Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The size of site is unknown.
* The primary threats include urban and agricultural expansion, leading to habitat destruction and fragmentation, which in turn contribute to increased chimpanzee-human conflict, and poaching.

= Site characteristics =

Zamakoe Forest Reserve, located just north of Mbalmayo, Cameroon, is a degraded forest area where recent evidence has shown the presence of central chimpanzees. Community reports and camera trap footage have confirmed their activity within the reserve ([[#R01963|Raman 2025]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Zamakoe Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 3.566500 , Lon: 11.532375
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest

|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Zamakoe Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|"Pan troglodytes troglodytes"
|2021-2022
|Present
|
|
|
|Zamakoe Forest Reserve
|Camera trap
|
|[[#R01962|Mey et al. 2025]]
|
|
|-
|"Gorilla gorilla gorilla"
|2021-2022
|Present
|
|
|
|Zamakoe Forest Reserve
|Camera trap
|
|[[#R01962|Mey et al. 2025]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

A study by [[#R01962|Mey et al. (2025)]] apes and humans using the same forest area just hours apart, highlighting the potential risk of human-ape conflict ([[#R01963|Raman 2025]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Zamakoe Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Chimpanzees were observed just 150 meters from human settlements, indicating a high risk of encounters ([[#R01963|Raman 2025]]; [[#R01962|Mey et al. 2025]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Transformation of forested areas into agricultural land ([[#R01963|Raman 2025]]).
|Ongoing (2025)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Zamakoe Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is a forest reserve ([[#R01961|Mey & Gore 2021]]).
|
|1947-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Zamakoe Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01963|Raman 2025]]
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Lack of government support
|[[#R01963|Raman 2025]]
|Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

[https://news.mongabay.com/2025/05/in-cameroons-forgotten-forests-gorillas-and-chimps-hang-on/?fbclid=IwY2xjawKJZ6pleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHm6LmNsdHc-e7ms7KsncF0SD2IWyIrggHam_S3fA_luBkixAABiapVTfnBtb_aem_OJkJ4CG5kW1I5KUg9rpeNQ MONGABAY, In Cameroon’s forgotten forests, gorillas and chimps hang on]

= References =

<span id="R01961"></span>Mey, C. B., & Gore, M. L. (2021). Biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems of the Mbalmayo Forest Reserve. Journal of Forest and Environmental Science, 37(2), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.7747/JFES.2021.37.2.91

<span id="R01962"></span>Mey Boudoug, J. C., Dewang Dyio, S., Fotie, C. N. S., Etah Kang, J., Ndzana, I., Nguimdo Vouffo, V. R., & Mbolo, M. M. (2025). Preliminary Evidence of Great Apes' Occurrence in Peri‐Urban and Highly Degraded Forest Reserves in Cameroon. ''African Journal of Ecology'', 63(2). [https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.70022 doi:10.1111/aje.70022]

<span id="R01963"></span>Raman, S. (2025, May 7). In Cameroon’s forgotten forests, gorillas and chimps hang on. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2025/05/in-cameroons-forgotten-forests-gorillas-and-chimps-hang-on/

'''Page created by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2025-05-23

Yoyo River Forest Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:39 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Ghana > Yoyo River Forest Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr..."

New page

[[West Africa]] > [[Ghana]] > [[Yoyo River Forest Reserve]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoyo_River_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.960077, -2.795357~[[Yoyo River Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') may be present in Yoyo River Forest Reserve.
* No chimpanzees were recorded in the last survey.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 236 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and logging.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

Yoyo River Forest Reserve is located in southwestern Ghana, north of the town Enchi. The reserve is contiguous with Tano-Anwia and Tano-Ehuro Forest Reserves. Yoyo is also connected to Boin River Forest Reserve by a narrow strip of forest ([[#R01959|BirdLife International 2022]]). The reserve was created in 1932 ([[#R01960|Gatti 2009]]). The area is drained by the Yoyo river and several other streams whose valleys become swampy during the wet season ([[#R01959|BirdLife International 2022]]). The site has been an Important Bird Area since 2001 ([[#R01959|BirdLife International 2022]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Yoyo River Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|236 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.960077 , Lon: -2.795357
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

A rapid survey was conducted at the site in 2009 in the context of the Wildlife Wood Project in Ghana, which aims to assist logging companies in improving wildlife management in concession areas ([[#R01960|Gatti 2009]]). No signs of chimpanzees were recorded.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Yoyo River Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|
|0
|
|
|Yoyo River Forest Reserve
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01960|Gatti 2009]]
|survey effort: 22.63 km
|GHA0001, GHA0007<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+7 more" data-collapsetext="less">GHA0012, GHA0013, GHA0022, GHA0024, GHA0027, GHA0028, GHA0029</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Yoyo River Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|High hunting pressure ([[#R01960|Gatti 2009]]).
|Ongoing (2009)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|The reserve was formerly under two timber concessions and the eastern and western parts were logged between 1962 and 1979 ([[#R01959|BirdLife International 2022]]). Concessions within the reserve were acquired by SAX in 1993, and logging has taken place in selected compartments at least as early as 1999 ([[#R01960|Gatti 2009]]).
|1962-1979, 1999-Ongoing (2009)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Yoyo River Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Yoyo River Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Yoyo River Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01959"></span>BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Yoyo River Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 15/03/2022.

<span id="R01960"></span>Gatti, S. (2009). Mammal surveys and capacity building for the Wildlife Wood Project - Ghana. Unpublished report to the WWP-Ghana.

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-03-18

Yoko Council Forest

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:38 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > Yoko Council Forest '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=..."

New page

[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Yoko Council Forest]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yoko_Council_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.063443, 12.625930~[[Yoko Council Forest]]~''Pan troglodytes''}}</div>
* chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes'') are present in Yoko Council Forest.
* It has been estimated that 113 (CI: 45-280) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 295 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are pastoral transhumance and hunting.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

Yoko Council forest is located in central Cameroon. The chimpanzees found in the forest may be ''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', but DNA tests have yet to confirm the subspecies (Kamgang pers. comm. 2023). The forest is owned by the council of Yoko, and villages around the council forest should normally benefit from the exploitation of its natural resources. Other endangered species found at the site include giant pangolins, white-bellied pangolins, black-bellied pangolins, and African golden cats (Kamgang pers. comm. 2023).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes''
|-
|Area
|295 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.063443 , Lon: 12.625930
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area (Community Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

In 2022, a study was conducted to assess the chimpanzee population density and distribution in the site, as well as habitat use, and threats ([[#R01958|Kamgang et al. 2023]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes''
|2022
|
|
|0.38 (0.15-0.94)
|113 (45-280)
|Yoko Council Forest
|Full count
|
|[[#R01958|Kamgang et al. 2023]]
|average chimpanzee nest density of 69.3 [95% CI 54.9-86.7] nests/km2
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

During a 2022 survey of the area, the signs of human activities were collected, namely poaching signs (traps, shell casings, hunting camps), pastoral transhumance clues (cattle droppings, camps, burning or degraded areas, cattle, and illegal logging) and fishing clues (fishing barriers, fishing camps). The main threats recorded were transhumance (frequency of observation: 75.33%), hunting (13. 66%), logging (8.81%) and fishing (2.2%), which were mainly observed in the south-west sector of the forest ([[#R01958|Kamgang et al. 2023]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Nomadic grazing; occupation of all savannah spaces by herds of cattle, sheep, Mbororo tracks and burns to facilitate the movement of herds and the renewal of pastures ([[#R01958|Kamgang et al. 2023]]).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Traps, shell casings, and hunting camps recorded ([[#R01958|Kamgang et al. 2023]]).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Illegal logging ([[#R01958|Kamgang et al. 2023]]).
|Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

GIZ (Gesellschaft fur International Zusammenarbeit) program ProFEC- Program Forest, Environment and Climate is working since 2020 in and around the Yoko Council forest. They support the council of Yoko with the elaboration of a management plan for the council forest, which will focus on conservation objectives. The management plan will be aligned with the biomonitoring plan, which is being elaborated by the GIZ for the council forest and validated by the council. Moreover, the same GIZ program is working with the communities around the forest to develop income generating activities (Kamgang pers. comm. 2023).

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

A 2022 study by Kamgang et al. (2022) estimated a chimpanzee nest decay rate of 77.3 days, for an estimated abundance of about 113 [95% CI 45-280] chimpanzees in the forest. Chimpanzees were found to be nesting in ''Marantaceae'' forests and swampy forests instead of savannah, mosaics-savannah forests, and galleries forests. 24 nesting tree species of chimpanzees have been recorded with ''Khaya grandifolia'' and ''Uapaca guineensis'' being the most used trees ([[#R01958|Kamgang et al. 2023]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Yoko Council Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01958"></span>Kamgang, S. A., Dongmo, E. M., Kirsten, I., Jefferson, P. M. J., Mveimané, A., Bastin, D., ... & Eric-Moise, B. F. (2023). The Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) of the Yoko Council Forest in Cameroon: Abundance, Activity Pattern and Threats. Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 8(2), 38. [https://doi.org/10.11648/j.eeb.20230802.12 doi:10.11648/j.eeb.20230802.12]

'''Page created by: '''Serge Kamgang & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-02

Yok Don National Park

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:38 GMT

Created page with "Asia > Vietnam > Yok Don National Park '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&..."

New page

[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] > [[Yok Don National Park]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yok_Don_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|12.836104, 107.697616~[[Yok Don National Park]]~''Nomascus gabriellae''}}</div>
* Yellow-cheeked gibbons (''Nomascus gabriellae'') may be present in Yok Don National Park.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 1155 km².
* Key threats to gibbons hunting and illegal logging.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

Yok Don National park was established in 1992. Yok Don is the second biggest national park and it is the only national park to conserve dry deciduous dipterocarp forests in Vietnam. Yok Don National Park is home to a high diversity of wildlife including 89 species of mammals, 305 species of birds, 16 species of amphibians, 48 species of reptiles and 858 species of plants, hundreds of species of freshwater fish and thousands of species of insects. Wild elephants, wild water buffalos and gaurs inhabit the site. The park is connected to a large part of protected forests in Cambodia ([http://yokdonnationalpark.vn/about-the-park Yok Don National Park]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Yok Don National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Nomascus gabriellae''
|-
|Area
|1,155 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 12.836104 , Lon: 107.697616
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

Most of Yok Don National Park consists of dry deciduous dipterocarp forest which is not suitable habitat for gibbons. Yellow-cheeked gibbons are considered to be rare in the park; only two confirmed records are from this park, one in 2007 and another in 2002-2003 ([[#R01957|Rawson et al. 2011]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Yok Don National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Nomascus gabriellae''
|2007
|
|
|
|Yok Don National Park
|Unknown
|[[#R01957|Rawson et al. 2011]]
|
|
|-
|''Nomascus gabriellae''
|2002-2003
|
|
|
|Yok Don National Park
|Unknown
|[[#R01957|Rawson et al. 2011]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Yok Don National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Hunting with guns ([[#R01957|Rawson et al. 2011]]).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal logging ([[#R01957|Rawson et al. 2011]]).
|Ongoing (2011)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Yok Don National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|
|
|1986-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Yok Don National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Yok Don National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Yok Don National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01957"></span>Rawson, B. M., Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen, M. H., Van, N. T., Hoang, M. D., Mahood, S., …, & Roos, C. (2011). The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Hanoi, Viet Nam: Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Conservation International. [http://www.gibbons.de/main/books/2011gibbons-vietnam.pdf link]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-05-19

Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:37 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Sierra Leone > Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yelleh-Sorbengi_Forest_and_Mai-Mokombo_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yelleh-Sorbengi_Forest_and_Mai-Mokombo_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeins..."

New page

[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yelleh-Sorbengi_Forest_and_Mai-Mokombo_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yelleh-Sorbengi_Forest_and_Mai-Mokombo_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yelleh-Sorbengi_Forest_and_Mai-Mokombo_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yelleh-Sorbengi_Forest_and_Mai-Mokombo_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yelleh-Sorbengi_Forest_and_Mai-Mokombo_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|7.770640, -12.549755~[[Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 50 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat destruction and fragmentation, leading to chimpanzee-human conflict.
* Conservation activities have focused on education, livelihood support, and biomonitoring.

[[File: Swamp_on_the_edge_of_Yelleh_forest.JPG | 300px | thumb| none |Swamp on the edge of Yelleh forest © TCP]]
= Site characteristics =

The Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest (YSF) and Mai-Mokombo Forest (MMF) are in the South East of Moyamba District, Sierra Leone. The sites are located on the shores of the Bagru creek and the Sherbro river. The area includes five small settlements: Mobondah, Yelleh, Sorbengi, Mai, and Mokombo. The two forest blocks are separated by an area of land confirmed through research as a corridor for the movement of chimpanzees and other wildlife known to exist in the area. The corridor area and the core area of the two forests comprise a matrix of vegetation types and features. Vegetation types in the area include: mangroves, primary and secondary growth forest, swamps, grassy savannah, wild oil palm and agricultural lands. The two forests cover approximately 3 sq.km and the swamp/mangrove ecosystems approximately 50 sq.km. The mangroves are part of the Marine Protected Area Shebro River Estuary. The mangroves are categorised among one of the Marine Protected Areas - Shebro River Estuary in Sierra Leone.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|50 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 7.770640 , Lon: -12.549755
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area (Community Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
[[File: Mobonda_Mangroves.JPG | 300px | thumb| none |Mobonda mangroves © TCP]]
= Ape status =

Conservation activities involving the use of camera traps and reconnaissance walks have revealed and confirmed evidence of the presence of chimpanzee thriving at the sites through direct capture on camera traps in three successive years: 2016, 2018 and 2019, and indirect signs (nests, trail, feeding remain on fruits and oil palm tops) encountered during the camera trap survey periods ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]). Density and abundance estimates were not provided for all three studies. Reported so far are: capture locations of chimpanzees on camera traps and the identification of chimpanzee individuals based on facial and body features as well as individual characteristics such as injuries, and estimated their number, gender. On one event of camera capture of the species, the maximum numbers reported of different individuals were 8 individuals (2016), 5 individuals (2018) and 4 individuals (2019) ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2019
|
|
|
|
|YSF and MMF
|Camera trap, Reconnaissance walk
|
|Garriga 2016, 2018 and 2019
|Camera trap and reconnaissance walks
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2018
|
|
|
|
|YSF and MMF
|Camera trap, Reconnaissance walk
|
|Garriga 2016, 2018 and 2019
|Camera trap and reconnaissance walks
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2016
|
|
|
|
|YSF and MMF
|Camera trap, Reconnaissance walk
|
|Garriga 2016, 2018 and 2019
|Camera trap and reconnaissance walks
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Threats to the conservation of the species are limited at this site. The main threat is the reduction and disappearance of suitable habitats for their movements and survival mainly due to deforestation from slash and burn agriculture for cassava, rice and groundnut cultivation in the area. This is gradually leaving the chimpanzee population vulnerable to human conflicts, as the remaining patch of chimpanzee habitats overlaps with human settlements and cultivated areas thereby resulting in first crop raiding and then human wildlife conflict where chimpanzees have been killed in the process ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.5 Persecution/human wildlife conflict
|Present (unknown severity)
|Human-chimpanzee conflict due to habitat fragmentation, destruction and reduction ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Community bio-monitoring and forest patrols implemented by Tacugama ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).
|
|2018- 2020
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Introduction of the Tacugama Kids Environmental Education Program (TKEEP) in two schools and regular training community bio-monitors ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).
|
|2018- 2020
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|Livelihood support projects organized by Tacugama, including agricultural seed support (rice and groundnuts) and sustainable oyster farming ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).
|
|2018- 2020
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Research through camera trapping and reconnaissance walks implemented by Tacugama ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).
|
|2018- 2020
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

Addressing the human-chimpanzee conflict is a serious challenge at this site with limited livelihood intervention for the local population at the conservation area. At present there is no ongoing conservation project to complement previous conservation efforts and promote continuity. Establishment and strengthening of local bylaws as the forest area is owned by the surrounding communities ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
|[[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Camera trap survey in 2016, 2018 and 2019; biomonitoring initiated in 2018 and presently on hold due to lack of funds. Community needs assessment (compilation of community profile) through questionnaire surveys in 2016 and 2018 ([[#R01955|Garriga & Kanneh 2022]]).

[[File: Mobonda_Community_forest_chimps.JPG | 300px | thumb| none | © TCP]]
= Documented behaviours =

High frequency of chimpanzees nesting on palm trees which is not common to other places. This is probably due to the widespread presence of palm trees within the landscape in Sierra Leone and not the same case in other parts of the country ([[#R01956|Garriga 2019]]).

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Yelleh-Sorbengi Forest and Mai-Mokombo Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Nesting on palm trees
|
|
|
|[[#R01956|Garriga 2019]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

[https://www.tacugama.com/ Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary]

= References =

<span id="R01955"></span>Garriga, R. & Kanneh, A. (2022, October 20-21). Sierra Leone. Regional workshop on IUCN APES wiki, Monrovia, Liberia. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23320 doi:10.1002/ajp.23320]

<span id="R01956"></span>Garriga, R. M. (2019). Mobondah community conservation project Moyamba District, Sierra Leone camera trap surveys. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown Sierra Leone.

'''Page created by: '''Rosa M. Garriga & Ambrose Bockarie Kanneh''' Date:''' 2022-12-19

Yapo Abe Classified Forest

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:37 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Côte d'Ivoire > Yapo Abe Classified Forest '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified..."

New page

[[West Africa]] > [[Côte d'Ivoire]] > [[Yapo Abe Classified Forest]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Yapo_Abe_Classified_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.730700, -4.078300~[[Yapo Abe Classified Forest]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* West African chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Yapo Abe Classified Forest.
* Population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total surface area of 305.85 km².
* Threats are undocumented.
* Conservation activities are unknown.

= Site characteristics =

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Yapo Abe Classified Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|305.85 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.730700 , Lon: -4.078300
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Classified Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Agricultural land
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

The presence of chimpanzees has been reported in this forest, but to date there is no information on their status (Soiret pers. comm. 2025).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Yapo Abe Classified Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|
|
|
|
|
|Yapo Abe Classified Forest
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Yapo Abe Classified Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Forest cover changed in the area from 152 km2 in 1958 to 129 km2 in 2000. The forest is degraded due to high logging levels, but compared to other areas, this block shows a lower rate of deforestation ([[#R01954|Chatelain et al. 2004]]).
|1958-2000
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Yapo Abe Classified Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01954"></span>Chatelain, C., Dao, H., Gautier, L., & Spichiger, R. (2004). Forest cover changes in Côte d'Ivoire and Upper Guinea. In ''Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species'' (pp. 15-32). CABI Publishing. [https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851997346.0015 doi:10.1079/9780851997346.0015]

'''Page created by: '''Serge Soiret''' Date:''' 2025-05-27

Xuan Nha Nature Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:36 GMT

Created page with "Asia > Vietnam > Xuan Nha Nature Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_t..."

New page

[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] > [[Xuan Nha Nature Reserve]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Xuan_Nha_Nature_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|20.691537, 104.705431~[[Xuan Nha Nature Reserve]]~''Nomascus leucogenys''}}</div>
* Northern white-cheeked gibbons (''Nomascus leucogenys'') are present in Xuan Nha Nature Reserve.
* Gibbons may be absent in the reserve, or occurring at very low densities.
* The site has a total size of 163.17 km².
* Key threats to gibbons are hunting and shifting agriculture leading to habitat loss.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Xuan Nha Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Nomascus leucogenys''
|-
|Area
|163.17 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 20.691537 , Lon: 104.705431
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Nature Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

No signs of gibbons were recorded during a ten day survey in 2011, but there were reports of gibbons in the buffer zone ([[#R01952|Nguyen Manh Ha et al. 2011]]), which may be the gibbons in Long Luong Commune ([[#R01953|Rawson et al. 2011]]). During mammal surveys conducted between 2006 and 2010, gibbons were not detected either, but interviews with local residents suggest that some gibbons persist within and outside the reserve ([[#R01953|Rawson et al. 2011]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Xuan Nha Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Nomascus leucogenys''
|2011
|
|
|
|Xuan Nha Nature Reserve
|Unknown
|[[#R01952|Nguyen Manh Ha et al. 2011]]
|No records of gibbons
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Xuan Nha Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Forest clearance due to shifting agriculture ([[#R01953|Rawson et al. 2011]]).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Local communities commonly hunt with dogs and guns for subsistence and for the wildlife trade ([[#R01953|Rawson et al. 2011]]).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The construction of a nearby hydropower dam, the Trung Son Hydropower Project was predicted to result in further forest clearance for agriculture and illegal logging, increased wildlife hunting, increased incidence of forest fires and greater access to the reserve via the reservoir and new construction roads ([[#R01953|Rawson et al. 2011]]).
|Ongoing (2011)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Xuan Nha Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Xuan Nha Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Xuan Nha Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01952"></span>Nguyen, M. H., Do, T., & Le, V. D. (2011). A survey of white-cheeked gibbons (Nomascus leucogenys) and large mammals (Mammalia) in Xuan Nha Nature Reserve and Sop Cop Nature Reserve, Son La Province. Centre for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies (CRES), Hanoi, Vietnam (in Vietnamese).

<span id="R01953"></span>Rawson, B. M., Insua-Cao, P., Nguyen, M. H., Van, N. T., Hoang, M. D., Mahood, S., …, & Roos, C. (2011). The Conservation Status of Gibbons in Vietnam. Hanoi, Viet Nam: Fauna & Flora International (FFI) and Conservation International. [http://www.gibbons.de/main/books/2011gibbons-vietnam.pdf link]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-05-02

Wonga-Wongué

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:36 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Gabon > Wonga-Wongué '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wa..."

New page

[[Central Africa]] > [[Gabon]] > [[Wonga-Wongué]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonga-Wongué?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-0.541739, 9.460716~[[Wonga-Wongué]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Wonga-Wongué.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 3,965.8 km².
* Key threats are not reported.
* Conservation activities are not reported.

= Site characteristics =

Wonga-Wongué is located in western Gabon, on the Atlantic coast. Habitats vary from mangrove wetlands and beaches to open grasslands and tropical forest ([[#R01951|Mills et al. 2018]]). The site comprises a wildlife reserve and two hunting concessions (Ramsar 2016). In addition to chimpanzees and gorillas, other wildlife species found at the site include elephants, buffalos, hippos, and a wide diversity of waterbirds, predominantly ''Pelecanus onocrotalus'' (Ramsar 2016). The site was designated as a Ramsar Site for its international importance as a wetland in 1986.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|3,965.816 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -0.541739 , Lon: 9.460716
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes), Subtropical/tropical moist lowland, Marine coastal/supratidal
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes & Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|
|
|
|
|
|Wonga-Wongué
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Utilization of the land is forbidden in the area designated as presidential reserve; in the surrounding areas logging occurs, but this does not constitute a big threat yet (Ramsar 2016). Tourism also occurs in the surroundings, with the main activities consisting of wildlife viewing and beach recreation (Ramsar 2016). Human population density is relatively low (0.2 people km-2), and 59 villages are located within 10 km of the reserve’s southwest and southeast borders ([[#R01951|Mills et al. 2018]]). The reserve seems to be well protected; e.g., no elephants were poached within the site from 2014 to 2016 ([[#R01951|Mills et al. 2018]]).

= Conservation activities =

Grassland covers 15% of the reserve ([[#R01951|Mills et al. 2018]]). The Gabon Parks Agency (ANPN) prescribed burns are conducted annually during the long-dry season to maintain the grasslands, which would otherwise be overtaken by forest encroachment ([[#R01951|Mills et al. 2018]]).

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02342|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02342|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|26.2
|27.2
|27.1
|27.4
|28.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2920
|3108
|3014
|3146
|3065
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|68.2
|39.9
|33.5
|39.2
|32.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.2
|12.3
|11.9
|10.9
|12.2
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Wonga-Wongué'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|3
|0.07
|2.5
|0.04
|3
|0.06
|5.5
|0.08
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|15
|72.12
|14.5
|89.76
|17
|89.58
|18
|88.22
|-
|River flood
|2.25
|0.75
|4.5
|2.1
|3.75
|2.81
|7.5
|1.68
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.58
|30
|0.57
|29
|0.58
|29
|0.56
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Wongha-Wonghe.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Wonga-Wongué]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Wongha-Wonghe.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Wonga-Wongué]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

[https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/351?language=en Ramsar]

= References =

<span id="R01951"></span>Mills, E. C., Poulsen, J. R., Fay, J. M., Morkel, P., Clark, C. J., Meier, A., …, & White, L. J. T. (2018). Forest elephant movement and habitat use in a tropical forest-grassland mosaic in Gabon. ''PLOS ONE'', 13(7), e0199387. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199387 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199387]

<span id="R02342"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-01-10

Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:35 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Liberia > Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi..."

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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wonegizi_Proposed_Protected_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.14, -9.53~[[Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 1,374 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching, logging, and shifting agriculture.
* Wonegizi was selected for a REDD+ pilot project led by Flora & Fauna International.

= Site characteristics =

The [https://www.protectedplanet.net/wonegizi-nature-reserve-nature-reserve site] is located in the northwestern part of the country, bordering Guinea’s [http://panafwiki-n.eva.mpg.de/index.php/Ziama_Biosphere_Reserve Ziama Biosphere reserve]. Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area is part of the Upper Guinean forest ecosystem, which is very rich in biodiversity. In addition to the critically endangered western chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes verus''), the site contains other threatened and vulnerable species, including Jentink's duiker (''Cephalophus jentinki''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), red colobus (''Piliocolobus badius''), green-tailed bristlebill (''Bleda eximius''), yellow-bearded greenbul (''Criniger olivaceus''), Nimba flycatcher (''Melaenornis annamarulae''), and the white-necked rockfowl or picathartes (''Picathartes gymnocephalus'', [https://allafrica.com/stories/201902080620.html AllAfrica 2019], [https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=2ahUKEwiAgf-e3ZPjAhVLiqQKHaLaDS8QFjACegQIARAC&url=https%3A%2F%2Fseors.unfccc.int%2Fapplications%2Fseors%2Fattachments%2Fget_attachment%3Fcode%3DZPE8DUPKTS4EQPMG9QYWMFA5CC880CTA&usg=AOvVaw1XqL9CUmu39-lMQ3yGdCSl FFI]). The site is also an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/wonegizi-mountains-iba-liberia IBA; BirdLife International 2019]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|1,374.27 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.14 , Lon: -9.53
|-
|Type of site
|Proposed protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

[https://www.iucn.org/content/how-single-pygmy-hippo-photo-gave-rise-wonegizi-proposed-protected-area-project Camera traps] have recorded the presence of chimpanzees at the site, but the population size remains unknown ([[#R01950|IUCN 2015]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2023
|Present
|
|
|
|Wonegizi
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|Fauna & Flora
|Community monitoring patrols suggest encounter rate of nests is stable 2021-2023.
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2020
|Present
|
|
|
|Wonegizi
|Camera trap
|
|Fauna & Flora
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2015
|Present
|
|
|
|Wonegizi
|Camera trap, Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01950|IUCN 2015]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

In addition to poaching and logging, the site is threatened by farming activities, in particular shifting cultivation ([[#R01948|FFI 2016]]). Rice is the main crop and primary driver of land conversion in the area; other crops include chilli peppers and cacao ([[#R01948|FFI 2016]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Human settlements present ([[#R01947|AllAfrica 2019]]).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Unsustainable farming practices, primarily shifting agriculture ([[#R01948|FFI 2016]]).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Bushmeat hunting and trade present in the area ([[#R01948|FFI 2016]]).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Community patrol encounter rates of snares (0.12 per km), spent cartridges (0.27 per km) and hunting camps (0.005 per km) on are stable between 2021 and 2023. Chimps are not specifically targeted (Bamford pers. comm. 2024).
|2021-2023
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Extraction of timber ([[#R01948|FFI 2016]]).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|6 km2 (1.6% total area of the PPA) of forest lost between 2000-2023, most after 2013 (Bamford pers. comm. 2024).
|2000-2023
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

Wonegizi is a [https://www.fauna-flora.org/projects/piloting-implementation-redd-programme-wonegizi-proposed-protected-area REDD+ pilot site]. The project follows a community-based approach, in which forest protection is rewarded under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation mechanism (REDD+). Income from the sale of REDD+ carbon credits is used to fund activities that benefit the communities, including the provision of technical support for reducing deforestation due to agriculture whilst increasing agricultural output, establishment of tree nurseries, and salaried forest protection as an alternative income ([[#R01948|FFI 2016]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|Fauna & Flora
|Ongoing (2024)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R01948|FFI 2016]]
|
|-
|
|Unknown
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

No information on research activities has been documented.

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02341|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02341|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.6
|25.8
|25.7
|25.8
|27
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2639
|2668
|2715
|2752
|2843
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|27.6
|30.9
|30
|31.1
|35.1
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.4
|7.3
|7.4
|7.3
|8.5
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|5.5
|0.04
|5
|0.05
|3.5
|0.04
|8.5
|0.05
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|11
|100
|6.5
|100
|11
|100
|9.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1.5
|0.83
|1.5
|0.6
|1.5
|2.7
|4
|1.42
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.7
|30
|0.71
|29
|0.72
|29
|0.74
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Wonegizi NR.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Wonegizi NR.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01947"></span>AllAfrica. 2019. Liberia: The Potentials of Wonegizi As a Protected Area. Online: https://allafrica.com/stories/201902080620.html

<span id="R01948"></span>FFI. 2016. Community-based Conservation: the Wonegizi REDD+ pilot.

<span id="R01949"></span>BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wonegizi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 01/07/2019.

<span id="R01950"></span>IUCN. 2015. How a single Pygmy Hippo photo gave rise to the Wonegizi Proposed Protected Area Project. Online: https://www.iucn.org/content/how-single-pygmy-hippo-photo-gave-rise-wonegizi-proposed-protected-area-project

<span id="R02341"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Andrew Bamford''' Date:''' 2024-09-05

Wologizi Proposed Protected Area

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:35 GMT

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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[Wologizi Proposed Protected Area]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.06, -9.79~[[Wologizi Proposed Protected Area]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Wologizi.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 995 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are large-scale mining, commercial logging and poaching.
* The following conservation activities were conducted byby the Skills and Agriculture Development Services (SADS) in villages near Wologizi: school-based environmental education program, community radio program, newspaper publication, discussions in villages, community forestry program.
* Wologizi was removed from the list of proposed protected areas, as it appears to be important for iron ore (Johnson 2015); Wologizi is one of the ten most important conservation priority areas in terms of chimpanzee density, and large mammal and tree diversity (Junker et al. 2015).

= Site characteristics =

The main features of this area are the Wologizi Mountain Range and Wonegizi Mountains, (the Wonegizi Mountains form a transboundary conservation corridor between Liberia and the republic of Guinea and the biosphere reserve of Ziama) within two separate large blocks of largely uninhabited closed dense forest with rich biodiversity ([[#R01942|Johnson 2015]]). The area includes Liberia’s highest mountain, Mount Wuteve (Wutuwi) at 1,447 m, as well as several other peaks, including Mount Balagizi (1,100 m). The mountains extend for 22 km with spurs reaching up to 5 km on either side of the ridge. Slopes on the ridge are exceedingly steep and in places form sheer cliffs up to 100 m high. With increasing altitude, tree-height decreases and the understorey becomes denser. Above 1,000 meters, areas of dense bush and grass are more common. The foothills and lower valleys are surrounded by large areas of savanna woodland ([[#R01940|BirdLife International 2019]]). The area is an Important Bird Area (IBA), and includes important portions of the upper Lofa, Lawa, and Gbaye River watersheds. It is an important site for the endangered amphibian ''Phrynobatrachus annulatus''. It is also the only known site in Liberia for the vulnerable amphibian ''Phrynobatrachus villiersii''. Additionally, it is one of two sites in Liberia that contain the vulnerable Nimba flycatcher ''Melaenornis annamarulae'' and the white-necked picathartes ''Picathartes gymnocephalus''. Also present are the zebra duiker ''Cephalophus zebra'', pygmy hippopotamus ''Hexaprotodon liberiensis'', leopard ''Panthera pardus'', forest elephant ''Loxodonta africana'' ([[#R01942|Johnson 2015]]), Upper Guinea red colobus ''Piliocolobus badius'', Diana monkey ''Cercopithecus diana'' (Barrie et al. 2005), and bongo ''Tragelaphus euryceros'' (Junker unpubl. data). Wologizi is one of the ten most important conservation priority areas in terms of chimpanzee density, and large mammal and tree diversity ([[#R01943|Junker et al. 2015]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|995 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.06 , Lon: -9.79
|-
|Type of site
|Proposed protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

The Rapid Assessment Survey conducted by FFI in 2005 (Barrie et al. 2005) confirmed the presence of chimpanzees in this area. The teams of the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey ([[#R01945|Tweh et al. 2014]]) also found direct (vocalization) and indirect signs of chimpanzee presence (nests, feeding sins) (Junker unpubl. data). A second Rapid Assessment Survey was conducted by FFI in collaboration with Elephant Research and Conservation (ELRECO) (Vogt pers. comm. 2019), again confirming the presence of chimpanzees in Wologizi. In addition, [[#R01942|Johnson (2015)]] mentions that surveys were conducted in this area as part of the REDD Program; however, no further information regarding these surveys could be found.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2023
|Present
|
|
|
|Wologizi
|Camera trap
|
|Fauna & Flora
|Chimps only found at higher elevations.
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2018-2019
|Present
|
|
|
|Wologizi
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|FFI Rapid Assessment Survey
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|Present
|
|
|
|Wologizi (south-western boundary)
|Line transects & recces
|
|Junker unpubl. data
|‘reconnaissance walk’, as part of the nationwide chimpanzee and large mammal survey (Tweh et al. 2014)
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2005
|Present
|
|
|
|Wologizi (North Lorma National Forest)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|FFI Rapid Assessment Survey
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

A considerable part of the proposed protected area is covered by Mineral Exploration Licenses (MEL) for gold and diamonds owned by Noya Mining Ltd. ([[#R01942|Johnson 2015]]). MEL’s entail that after a proposed exploration program has been handed to the Minister of Land, Mines, and Energy, the company commences exploration ([[#R01946|Wilson et al. 2017]]). Barrie et al. (2005) mention logging and poaching as additional threats to wildlife in this area. Wologizi used to overlap with illegally issued Private-Use Permits (PUP) for commercial logging. Private Use Permits were a type of logging licence designed to allow private landowners to cut trees on their property, but which were reportedly subject to misuse by commercial logging companies. After investigations by Global Witness ([[#R01941|Global Witness 2013]]) much public outcry and extensive media coverage, PUPs have now largely been rescinded ([[#R01942|Johnson 2015]]). The nationwide teams found signs of small-scale logging and poaching on recces/line transects near the north-eastern and south-western boundary of Wologizi (Junker unpubl. data). However, they also recorded taboos against the killing and/or eating of chimpanzees in villages in the same area (Junker unpubl. data).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Small-holder rice fields and other plantations observed (Junker unpubl. data).
|Ongoing (2011)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Mining for gold diamonds ([[#R01942|Johnson 2015]]).
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.1 Subsistence bushmeat hunting
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|No specific data from Wologizi, but a common practice across the north-west of Liberia (Bamford pers. obs. 2024).
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Evidence of logging activities (Barrie et al. 2005); area overlapped with PUPs, which have been withdrawn ([[#R01942|Johnson 2015]], [[#R01943|Junker et al. 2015]]).
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|91.2 km2 (5.4% of total PPA area) of forest lost between 2000 and 2023, most after 2012 (Bamford pers. obs. 2024).
|2000-2023
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

The work of the Skills and Agriculture Development Services (SADS) focuses on promoting environmental conservation, sustainable forest management and alternative livelihood provision, as means of generating incomes to support their lifestyle ([[#R01942|Johnson 2015]]). In May 2010, SADS, in collaboration with Conservation International (CI) has launched The Green Forum Program, which includes a community radio program, a newspaper publication, a school-based environmental education program, and a community forestry program.The purpose of The Green Forum is to set a stage for the exchange of ideas and information on current environmental issues of relevance in Liberia in order to raise public awareness and lay the framework for informed engagement ([[#R01944|SADS 2010]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|School-based environmental education program ([[#R01944|SADS 2010]]) – not specifically targeted at chimpanzee/primate conservation
|
|2010
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.4 Regularly play TV and radio announcements to raise ape conservation awareness
|Community radio program ([[#R01944|SADS 2010]]) – not specifically targeted at chimpanzee/primate conservation
|
|2010
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|Newspaper publication, discussions in villages near Wologizi ([[#R01944|SADS 2010]]) – not specifically targeted at chimpanzee/primate conservation
|
|2010
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
|Bamford pers. comm. 2024
|
|Ongoing (2024)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

Signs of chimpanzee nut cracking observed during Rapid Assessment Survey (Barrie et al. 2005).

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Nut cracking
|
|
|
|Barrie et al. 2005
|
|
|
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02340|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02340|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.6
|25.8
|25.7
|25.8
|27
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2639
|2668
|2715
|2752
|2843
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|27.6
|30.9
|30
|31.1
|35.1
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.4
|7.3
|7.4
|7.3
|8.5
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Wologizi Proposed Protected Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|5.5
|0.04
|5
|0.05
|3.5
|0.04
|8.5
|0.05
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|11
|100
|6.5
|100
|11
|100
|9.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1.5
|0.83
|1.5
|0.6
|1.5
|2.7
|4
|1.42
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.7
|30
|0.71
|29
|0.72
|29
|0.74
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Wologizi.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Wologizi Proposed Protected Area]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Wologizi.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Wologizi Proposed Protected Area]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01940"></span>BirdLife International 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Wologizi mountains. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 04/11/2019.

<span id="R01941"></span>Global Witness. (2013). Avoiding the Riptide: Liberia must Enforce its Forest Laws to Prevent a New Wave of Illegal and Destructive Logging Contracts. Global Witness.

<span id="R01942"></span>Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).

<span id="R01943"></span>Junker, J., Boesch, C., Freeman, T., Mundry, R., Stephens, C., & Kühl, H. S. (2015). Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. ''Basic and Applied Ecology'', 16(8), 690-702. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002 doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002]

<span id="R01944"></span>Skills and Agricultural Development Services (SADS) 2010. Annual Report. Unpublished report.

<span id="R01945"></span>Tweh, C. G., Lormie, M. M., Kouakou, C. Y., Hillers, A., Kühl, H. S., & Junker, J. (2015). Conservation status of chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus and other large mammals in Liberia: a nationwide survey. ''Oryx'', 49(4), 710-718. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605313001191 doi:10.1017/s0030605313001191]

<span id="R01946"></span>Wilson, S. T. K., Wang, H., Kabenge, M., & Qi, X. (2017). The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. ''Environmental Science and Pollution Research'', 24(23), 18711-18720. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9647-4 doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9647-4]

<span id="R02340"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Andrew Bamford''' Date:''' 2024-09-05

Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:34 GMT

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-1.487097, 17.250945~[[Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)]]~''Pan paniscus''}}</div>
* Bonobos (''Pan paniscus'') are present in Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe).
* It has been estimated that up to 5,000 individuals occur in the site.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 72,000 km².
* Key threats to bonobos are poaching, habitat destruction and degradation, risk of disease transmission.
* Conservation activities have focused on land-use planning.

= Site characteristics =

The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan paniscus''
|-
|Area
|72,000 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -1.487097 , Lon: 17.250945
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

The block corresponds to the DRC sector of the Congo Basin Forest Partnership and the Commission des Forêts d’Afrique Centrale Lac Télé-Lac Tumba transboundary landscape ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The area extends over more than 72,000 km² and includes the Tumba and Mai Ndombe lakes. Swamp forests and seasonally-flooded forests cover 60–65% of the area, while the southern parts of the landscape are covered with savanna-forest mosaic ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]). The wetland is part of a transboundary Ramsar agreement with the Republic of Congo; the DRC sector (65,700 km²) is the largest Ramsar site in the world ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan paniscus''
|2003-2010
|
|
|
|5000.0
|Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)
|Other
|
|[[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]
|estimate is a maxiumum
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

The main threats to bonobos in the block include poaching, habitat loss due and fragmentation, and the potential for disease transmission ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Agricultural activities leading to habitat destruction ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Commercial poaching to supply urban bushmeat markets is intense, as the markets in Mbandaka, Kinshasa and Brazzaville are accessible through the Congo River ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Collection of NFTPs ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging concessions, located largely in the south, cover approximately 40% of the landscape; terra firma forests are mainly old secondary forests that have been logged in the past ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

Within the framework of the CARPE programme, a land-use plan is being developed, which includes three protected areas, 13 community-based natural resource management areas and six resource extraction zones. The proposed protected areas are Tumba-Lediima Natural Reserve (7,500 km²), Ngiri Biosphere Reserve (524 km², created in January 2011), with no bonobos but a small population of chimpanzees (being located on the right bank of the Congo River), and Mabali Scientific Reserve (2.6 km²) ([[#R01939|IUCN & ICCN 2012]]).

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Western block (Lac Tumba-Lac Mai Ndombe)'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01937"></span>Inogwabini, B., Matungila, B., Mbende, L., Abokome, M., & Tshimanga, T. w. (2007). Great apes in the Lake Tumba landscape, Democratic Republic of Congo: newly described populations. ''Oryx'', 41(4), 532-538. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307414120 doi:10.1017/s0030605307414120]

<span id="R01938"></span>Inogwabini, B., Bewa, M., Longwango, M., Abokome, M., & Vuvu, M. (2008). The Bonobos of the Lake Tumba – Lake Maindombe Hinterland: Threats and Opportunities for Population Conservation. In ''Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects'' (pp. 273-290). Springer New York. [https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-74787-3_14 doi:10.1007/978-0-387-74787-3_14]

<span id="R01939"></span>IUCN, & ICCN (2012). Bonobo (Pan paniscus): Conservation Strategy 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group & Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature. [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Bonobo_Conservation_Strategy.pdf link]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-05-30

Western Area Peninsula National Park

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:33 GMT

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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Western Area Peninsula National Park]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.32, -13.15~[[Western Area Peninsula National Park]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Western Area Peninsula National Park.
* It has been estimated that 36 individuals occur in the site in 2019.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 183.37 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees include logging, farming, hunting, and human encroachment.
* Awareness raising, tree planting, law enforcement activities, and support for alternative livelihoods are the main conservation interventions that have been implemented at the site.

= Site characteristics =

The Western Area Peninsula National Park (WAPNP) is located in the Freetown peninsula, west of Sierra Leone ([[#R01932|BirdLife International 2019]]). The site covers a narrow chain of hills, reaching up to 900 m, and holds the western-most remnant of Upper Guinea forest ecosystem ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]). With 314 bird species, including five species of global conservation concern (e.g., white-necked rockfowl ''Picathartes gymnocephalus''), WAPNP was designated as an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/western-area-peninsula-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]) in 2001 ([[#R01932|BirdLife International 2019]]). The site is also of high importance to the surrounding populations, as it protects the watershed of two dams, which supply water to Freetown and nearby settlements ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]; [[#R01934|EPA 2017]]). In addition to the western chimpanzee, other vulnerable species inhabiting the area include Diana monkey (''Cercopithecus diana''), Jentink’s duiker (''Cephalopus jentinki''), and the endemic frog ''Cardioglossa aureole'' ([[#R01932|BirdLife International 2019]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|183.37 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.32 , Lon: -13.15
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

Based on a line transect survey in 2010, there may be three chimpanzee communities in the area ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]). The size of the population was estimated at 55 individuals, which is the most recent population estimate currently available ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2019
|
|
|
|36.0
|100 acres and buffer zone along TCS axis
|Camera trap, Reconnaissance walk
|Distance sampling
|TCS unpublished data 2019, Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025
|Not a systematic survey
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|
|1.08 (0.30-3.90)
|0.36 (0.10-1.32)
|55 (15-209)
|Western Area Peninsular Forest Reserve (158 km²)
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]
|Total survey effort: 26.97 km
|SLE0002, SLE0003<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+13 more" data-collapsetext="less">SLE0004, SLE0014, SLE0015, SLE0017, SLE0018, SLE0021, SLE0024, SLE0025, SLE0026, SLE0029, SLE0032, SLE0036, SLE0037</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

The park is highly accessible to humans through trails ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Hunting is a key threat in the area, with several hunting camps and hunting signs present at the site ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]). In addition, multiple large-scale marijuana farms have been discovered in the park, as well as signs of logging and charcoal production ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Due to the urban expansion and close proximity to the capital, Freetown, WAPNP faces a lot of pressure, as the demands for fuelwood, farmland, and bushmeat continue to rise ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]], [[#R01931|BirdLife International 2017]]). In 2017, following heavy rainfall, a mudslide in the area resulted in the deaths of hundreds of people; the mudslide has been linked to extensive deforestation and erosion of the soil ([[#R01931|BirdLife International 2017]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Present (unknown severity)
|Human encroachment and housing development within the park ([[#R01931|BirdLife International 2017]]). Urban encrochment is ongoing (Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025).
|2017-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Several marijuana farms were found during a survey in 2010 ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Local communities also seek land for farming ([[#R01931|BirdLife International 2017]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2017)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|Stone mining ([[#R01931|BirdLife International 2017]]).
|Ongoing (2017)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present (unknown severity)
|The presence of trails allows for accessibility to humans ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting camps, shotgun shells, and snares were frequently encountered during a survey ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Tree cuts were frequently found within the park during a survey ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Deforestation is ongoing in 2025 (Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025).
|2010-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.2 Dams & water management/use
|Present (unknown severity)
|Two dams are present in the site (Guma Valley Dam and Congo Dam) ([[#R01933|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

Sierra Leone’s Forestry Division and the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone are the main organizations responsible for the management of the site and the implementation of conservation activities. The EU funded an intervention to decelerate deforestation at the site, which was implemented by Welthungerhilfe (WHH) and the Environmental Forum for Action (ENFORAC) from 2009-2014 ([[#R01934|EPA 2017]]). This intervention focused on awareness raising, especially among potential encroachers, and proving support to local people with alternative livelihood options ([[#R01935|Hempel 2013]]).

In 1995, the [https://www.tacugama.com Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary] was established. The sanctuary rescues, rehabilitates and cares for orphaned chimpanzees. Since 2011, Tacugama works with rural communities as part of its Tacugama Community Outreach Programme to promote the sustainable use of natural resources, improve agricultural practices (seed distribution), promote alternative livelihoods (e.g., fruit tree planting, livestock farms, community woodlots), improve health and hygiene in rural communities to decrease the risk of disease transmission, and environmental education activities for rural communities and children to increase awareness of the need to protect chimpanzees ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]). Tacugama also runs an eco-lodge with the proceeds going to its conservation programmes ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|1 Development impact mitigation
|1.4 Farm more intensively and effectively in selected areas and spare more natural land
|Tacugama Community Outreach Programme promotes improved agricultural practices and distributes seeds ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).
|
|2011-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Tacugama Community Outreach Programme promotes alternative livelihoods, e.g., fruit tree planting, livestock farms, community woodlots ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).
|
|2011-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|3 Species health
|3.13 Implement a health programme for local communities
|Tacugama Community Outreach Programme constructs latrines in rural communities to improve hygiene and minimize bush defecation ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).
|
|2011-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Awareness raising to create an understanding of the importance of conservation, forest ecosystem and function, and chimpanzees ([[#R01935|Hempel 2013]], [[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]], Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025).
|
|2009-Ongoing (2025)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site was designated a National Park in 2012 ([[#R01934|EPA 2017]]).
|
|2012-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Sierra Leone Launches Tree Planting Initiative in Western Area Peninsula National Park with GEF Support (Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025).
|Ministry of Environment and Climate Change
|2024
|-
|6 Species management
|6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes
|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary takes care of and rehabilitates orphaned chimpanzees ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).
|
|1995-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|Tacugama Community Outreach Programme provides infrastructure as part of its alternative livelihoods programme and supports communities in establishing sustainable sources of income ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).
|
|2011-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Small-scale community-based tourism was promoted between 2009-2014 ([[#R01935|Hempel 2013]]), Tacugama runs an eco-lodge ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).
|
|Ongoing (2009)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.3 Permanent presence of staff/manager
|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary has a permanent presence of staff ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).
|
|1995-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|Other
|Authorities have committed to demolishing illegal structures and prosecuting violators to protect the park's integrity (Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025).
|Ministry of Environment and Climate Change, National Protected Area Authority
|2025
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.3 Corruption
|Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025
|2024
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025
|2024
|-
|
|Other (Urbanization and poor planning)
|Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025
|2024
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025
|2025
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025
|2023
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Strong government support
|Lahai Keifala pers. comm. 2025
|2024
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Since 2012, Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary is conducting chimpanzee monitoring programmes across Sierra Leone. The sanctuary is also implementing annual biodiversity surveys using camera traps in the Western Area Peninsula National Park ([[#R01936|Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary 2020]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02339|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02339|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.6
|26.6
|26.6
|26.7
|27.7
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|3043
|2911
|3014
|2980
|2977
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|56
|50.3
|52.8
|52.8
|53.6
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.8
|6.1
|6.4
|7.3
|6.9
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Western Area Peninsula National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|3
|0.02
|4
|0.02
|4
|0.02
|5.5
|0.02
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|1
|100
|2
|100
|3
|100
|6
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|1
|0.42
|1.5
|0.83
|0.75
|0.62
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|1
|5.46
|0.5
|4.86
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.14
|29.5
|0.13
|29
|0.23
|29
|0.15
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Western Area Peninsula Forest.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Western Area Peninsula National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Western Area Peninsula Forest.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Western Area Peninsula National Park]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01931"></span>BirdLife International. 2017. [https://www.birdlife.org/africa/news/did-sierra-leones-mudslide-uncover-forgotten-conservation-promise www.birdlife.org] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210927194642/https://www.birdlife.org/africa/news/did-sierra-leones-mudslide-uncover-forgotten-conservation-promise link]

<span id="R01932"></span>BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Western Area Peninsula Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 17/09/2019.

<span id="R01933"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. (2010) Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]

<span id="R01934"></span>Environment Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Sierra Leone’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2026.

<span id="R01935"></span>Hempel, H. 2013. Final evaluation report of the Western Area Peninsula Forest Reserve protection project. Welthungerhilfe, Bonn.

<span id="R01936"></span>Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary. 2020. Online: [https://www.tacugama.com Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary]

<span id="R02339"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-09-18

'''Page updated by: '''Lahai Keifala''' Date:''' 2025-04-23

West Nimba Community Forest

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:33 GMT

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[[West Africa]] > [[Liberia]] > [[West Nimba Community Forest]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|7.48, -8.71~[[West Nimba Community Forest]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in West Nimba Community Forest.
* The population size is 26 individuals.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 105 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are large-scale mining and poaching.
* West Nimba has been removed from the list of proposed protected areas and become a community forest (Johnson 2015). At least one of three chimpanzee communities in West Nimba Community Forest lives directly west of one of the mining sites. The Nimba Mountains are an Alliance Zero Extinction (AZE) site.

= Site characteristics =

Nimba County is located in the western part of the Upper Guinea Ecoregion, which extends from Sierra Leone to the Sassandra River in Côte d’Ivoire. The West Upper Guinea forest ecosystem is characterized by exceptional biological richness and the endemism of its flora and fauna ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]). West Nimba Community Forest is part of the Northern Nimba Conservation Area (NNCA), which is located in northeastern Liberia. The latter forms an integral part of the northeastern forest block of the country. The NNCA is comprised of the East Nimba Nature Reserve (ENNR), West Nimba Community Forest, ArcelorMittal Liberia (AML) concessions, and several towns. The area spans two districts of Nimba County: Yarmein and Gbelegay ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]). Mount Nimba, which spans three countries, is one of the most famous sites for biodiversity conservation in West Africa and has been identified as a priority biodiversity hotspot for conservation ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]). West Nimba was once designated a proposed protected area ([[#R01929|Junker et al. 2015]]), but its protected status was modified later on ([[#R01928|Johnson 2015]]). The following species were recorded in West Nimba Community Forest: western lesser spot-nosed monkey ''Cercopithecus petaurista buettikoferi'', Campbell’s monkey ''Cercopithecus campbelli'', sooty mangabey ''Cercocebus atys'' and the vulnerable king colobus ''Colobus polykomos'', the near threatened bay duiker ''Cephalophus dorsalis'' and African buffalo ''Syncerus caffer'', bush buck ''Tragelaphus scriptus'', leopard ''Panthera pardus'' and African civet ''Civettictis civetta'' ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|105 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 7.48 , Lon: -8.71
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area (Community Forest)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest, Urban areas
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

According to the literature, the area was first surveyed in 2005 by Fauna & Flora International (FFI), in collaboration with the Forestry Development Authority (FDA), the Environmental Protection Agency of Liberia (EPA), and the Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (MPEA). While chimpanzees were apparently recorded during this survey ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]), no further details on the survey results could be found. During another survey conducted by Conservation International (CI), in collaboration with the Wild Chimpanzee Foundation (WCF), Actions pour la Conservation de la Biodiversité (ACB-CI), and AML

from 2010-2011, the study area was divided into three different sites: the Gangra-Yuelliton site (21.26 km²) where mining will be carried out, the Tokadeh site (19.88 km², under exploitation since May 2011) and the West Nimba site (79.97 km², the remaining West Nimba forest). The chimpanzee population was estimated at 26 individuals with a density of 0.21 chimpanzees/ km².

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010-2011
|
|
|0.21 (0.05-0.55)
|26 (10-67)
|West Nimba Community Forest (121 km²)
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01927|CI 2012]] (in collaboration with the WCF, ACB-CI, AML)
|Survey effort: 122 km. Encounter rates: Gangra-Yuelliton:1.97; Tokadeh 0.4; West Nimba 0.74
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2005
|Present
|
|
|
|West Nimba Community Forest
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|FFI 2005 in [[#R01928|Johnson 2015]]
|‘BIOPA’ in CI 2012, Johnson 2015; ‘reconnaissance walk’; collaborative effort of FFI, FDA, EPA, MPEA (Johnson 2015)
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Mount Nimba was exploited for iron ore by LAMCO from the 1960s until the early 1990s. A large part of West Nimba’s forest comprising the Gangra Mountain, the Yuelliton Mountain and the Tokadeh Mountain has been granted for iron ore mining to AML ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]). AML holds a Class A mining licence, which entails that mining is permitted in the proposed production area (no size limit) for at least 25 years ([[#R01930|Wilson et al. 2017]]). The 2010-2011 survey results showed that the chimpanzee distribution range overlaps largely with the mining sites ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]). The bushmeat study that was conducted by [[#R01927|CI (2012)]] in West Nimba Community Forest showed that hunting had a huge impact on wildlife in the area ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]). Ancestral hunting methods had all but disappeared and been replaced by cable snares and shotguns year-round without regard for legislation. Traps accounted for 41% of the off-takes and caught both small and big game; guns, most of which were locally built, accounted for 58% of the off-takes and were used both day and night ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]). The sources of water pollution are erosion at the mine site, waste dumps and stockpiles, oil and grease, discharge from settlement and attenuation ponds, and ore handling and loading. However, ore will not be processed for DSO Phase 1, which will eliminate some potential sources of pollution, but investigations revealed that the head of streams and downstream larger rivers would be affected ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Cassava farms, cocoa farms, coffee farms, plantain farms, rice farms, new forest cutting and old farms ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Open-pit mining for iron ore ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting signs recorded during line transect survey ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Logging signs recorded during line transect survey ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|9 Pollution
|9.2 Industrial & military effluents
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Water-, and air pollution caused by open-pit mining operations at this site ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|9 Pollution
|9.6 Energy emissions
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Noise from mining activities ([[#R01927|CI 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02338|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02338|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25
|26.1
|26.1
|26.2
|27.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1930
|1955
|1991
|1998
|2070
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|33.9
|31.6
|30.4
|33
|33.8
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6
|8
|7.3
|8.2
|9.7
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in West Nimba Community Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|7.5
|5.96
|6.5
|5.96
|7.5
|5.96
|17.5
|5.96
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|7.5
|100
|5.5
|100
|6.5
|100
|6
|100
|-
|River flood
|0.5
|0.08
|1.75
|0.88
|2
|1.46
|4.5
|1.39
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.42
|30
|0.43
|29
|0.42
|29
|0.43
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_West Nimba.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in West Nimba Community Forest]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_West Nimba.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in West Nimba Community Forest]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01927"></span>Conservation International (CI) 2012. Further Ecological Studies as Part of the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment for Arcelormittal Liberia: Bushmeat and Biomonitoring Studies in the Northern Nimba Conservation Area. Unpublished report. Conservation International and ArcelorMittal, Liberia.

<span id="R01928"></span>Johnson S. 2015. Aggregated Biodiversity Offsets: A Roadmap for Liberia’s Mining Sector. Unpublished report by the World Bank Group (WBG) and Program On Forests (PROFOR).

<span id="R01929"></span>Junker, J., Boesch, C., Freeman, T., Mundry, R., Stephens, C., & Kühl, H. S. (2015). Integrating wildlife conservation with conflicting economic land-use goals in a West African biodiversity hotspot. ''Basic and Applied Ecology'', 16(8), 690-702. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002 doi:10.1016/j.baae.2015.07.002]

<span id="R01930"></span>Wilson, S. T. K., Wang, H., Kabenge, M., & Qi, X. (2017). The mining sector of Liberia: current practices and environmental challenges. ''Environmental Science and Pollution Research'', 24(23), 18711-18720. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9647-4 doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9647-4]

<span id="R02338"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-11-11

Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:32 GMT

Created page with "Asia > Indonesia > Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wehea-Kelay_Essential_Ecosystem_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wehea-Kelay_Essential_Ecosystem_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/W..."

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[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wehea-Kelay_Essential_Ecosystem_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wehea-Kelay_Essential_Ecosystem_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wehea-Kelay_Essential_Ecosystem_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wehea-Kelay_Essential_Ecosystem_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Wehea-Kelay_Essential_Ecosystem_Area?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|1.664757, 116.674340~[[Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area]]~''Pongo pygmaeus morio''}}</div>
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area.
* The orangutan population size ranges from 806 to 821 individuals, from 2016 survey.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 5,321.43 km².
* The main reported threats include the expansion of palm oil plantations and illegal logging activities.
* Conservation efforts have primarily centered on rehabilitating natural habitats, community awareness raising and community led patrols.

= Site characteristics =

The Wehea–Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area in East Kalimantan, located between the Regencies of Berau and East Kutai, spans over 530,000 hectares and is home to one of the largest remaining populations of Northeast Bornean orangutans ([[#R01925|Atmoko et al. 2021]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|-
|Area
|5,321.43 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 1.664757 , Lon: 116.674340
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area (Essential ecosystem area)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2017-2018
|
|
|0.57
|
|Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area
|
|
|[[#R01925|Atmoko et al. 2021]]
|The paper provides orangutan density estimates as ranges derived from surveys across multiple landscape areas (e.g., PT Gunung Gajah Abadi, PT Karya Lestari, PT Hutan Lindung Wehea). The reported density estimate is the '''mean orangutan density estimate''' was calculated as a weighted average using range midpoints. However, this is an approximation due to insufficient data on the exact area covered by each density class.
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2016
|
|
|
|
|Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area
|
|
|[[#R01925|Atmoko et al. 2021]]
|According to the 2016 Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA), the estimated population of orangutans in the Wehea-Kelay Landscape ranges from 806 to 821 individuals (Atmoko et al. 2021).
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1.3 Industrial farming (including palm oil)
|Present (unknown severity)
|The expansion of oil palm plantations is reported as a threat and poses long-term risks to forest integrity ([[#R01925|Atmoko et al. 2021]]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.2 Commercial logging
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal logging activities have been reported, and a 2021 multi-stakeholder gap analysis revealed that some logging concession management units have not implemented orangutan protection programs ([[#R01925|Atmoko et al. 2021]]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|Patrol teams like Petkuq Mehuey involve Dayak youth in biodiversity monitoring, fire prevention, and enforcing no-logging zones in critical wildlife areas ([[#R01925|Atmoko et al. 2021]]).
|Wehea Nehes Liah Bing traditional institution
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Habitat management activities were reported to be present ([[#R01926|Sherman et al. 2022]]).
|
|2001-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|Other
|Community outreach and capacity building ([[#R01926|Sherman et al. 2022]]).
|
|2001-Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

Research activities have been reported present in Wehea-Kelay Essential Ecosystem Area ([[#R01926|Sherman et al. 2022]]).

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01925"></span>Atmoko, T., Sudiono, E., Rifqi, M. A., & Dharma, A. P. (2021). The best practices of endangered wildlife habitat management on landscape scale: A lesson from the Wehea–Kelay essential ecosystem areas. Yayasan Konservasi Alam Nusantara. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/379024604

<span id="R01926"></span>Sherman, J., Voigt, M., Ancrenaz, M., Wich, S. A., Qomariah, I. N., Lyman, E., …, & Meijaard, E. (2022). Orangutan killing and trade in Indonesia: Wildlife crime, enforcement, and deterrence patterns. ''Biological Conservation'', 276, 109744. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744]

'''Page created by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2025-05-30

Watalinga Forest

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:32 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Watalinga Forest '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Watalinga_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Watalinga_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Watalinga_Forest?_x_tr_sl=au..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Watalinga Forest]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|0.813033, 29.834703~[[Watalinga Forest]]~''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''}}</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Watalinga Forest.
* It has been estimated that 645 individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 2,256 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and charcoal production.
* Conservation activities are not documented.
* The site is found within [[Virunga National Park]].
= Site characteristics =

Watalinga Forest is encompassed within the northern sector of [[Virunga National Park]], in North Kivu province of eastern DRC. The site is bisected from north to south by the Semliki river ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]). The site represents the southeastern limit of the extensive Ituri Forest. Mixed mature lowland tropical forest dominated by ''Cynometra alexandra'' are the principal vegetation types, but other habitats include riverine forest, broken canopy ''Marantaceae'' forest, seasonally-inundated swamp forest, papyrus swamps by the Semliki river, isolated secondary forest formations around tree falls and other sites of natural or anthropogenic disturbance ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]). The forest cover is almost complete ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Watalinga Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|-
|Area
|2,256 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 0.813033 , Lon: 29.834703
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

During a 2008 survey, chimpanzee sign was widespread but rare; in total 137 individual chimpanzee nests were observed in 30 nest group sites throughout the site ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]). Mean nest group size was 4.9 individuals (range 1-12). Chimpanzees were not directly observed, but vocalisations were heard on six occasions. The highest nest encounter rates (1.77 nests/km) were observed in the Rwenzori mountains adjacent to Ndama village and on the east side of the Semliki river in the Mukakati South survey block (1.66 nests/km). Encounter rate (nests/km)s were lowest in the Ndama and Djuma survey blocks. On the Rwenzori recce, chimpanzee nests, dung and trail sign were recorded over a wide range of altitudes between 1010 m and 2400 m ([[#R01923|Nixon & Luesenge 2008]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Watalinga Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2008
|
|0.74
|
|
|Watalinga Forest
|Camera trap, Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]
|survey effort: 216 km
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|Unknown
|
|
|0.29
|645.0
|Watalinga Forest (2,256 km²)
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R01924|Plumptre et al. 2010]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

During a 2008 okapi survey in Watalinga Forest, human activities were recorded throughout the site and hunting was the most frequently encountered of all activities recorded. Locals also reported that military stationed nearby had shot and eaten three chimpanzees one week before the survey ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]). A significant amount of deforestation and land conversion has occurred along the base of the Rwenzoris at this site, and a lack of clarity concerning the boundaries of the park in the region was noted ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Watalinga Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present (unknown severity)
|Mbau-Kamango road rehabilitated, facilitating access to forest ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]).
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting signs were frequently found during a 2008 survey of the area ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]).
|Ongoing (2008)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Charcoal production from primary forest trees (''Cynometra alexandra'') is widespread to the east of the park boundary and trade is greatly facilitated by the presence of the recently completed Mbau-Kamango road ([[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]).
|Ongoing (2008)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Watalinga Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
|[[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]], [[#R01924|Plumptre et al. 2010]]
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Watalinga Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Watalinga Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|bamboo feeding
|
|
|
|[[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|ground nesting
|
|
|
|[[#R01923|Nixon & Lusenge 2008]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01923"></span>Nixon, S.C., & Lusenge, T. (2008). Conservation status of okapi in Virunga National Park, Democratic Republic of Congo. ZSL Conservation Report No. 9. The Zoological Society of London, London. Online: https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park%2C%20DRC.pdf [https://web.archive.org/web/20221208012940/https://www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/Nixon%20and%20Lusenge%202008%20-%20Conservation%20status%20of%20okapi%20in%20Virunga%20National%20Park,%20DRC.pdf link]

<span id="R01924"></span>Plumptre, A.J., Rose, R., Nangendo, G., Williamson, E.A., Didier, K., Hart, J., Mulindahabi, F., Hicks, C., Griffin, B., Ogawa, H., Nixon, S., Pintea, L., Vosper, A., McClennan, M., Amsini, F., McNeilage, A., Makana, J.R., Kanamori, M., Hernandez, A., Piel, A., Stewart, F., Moore, J., Zamma, K., Nakamura, M., Kamenya, S., Idani, G., Sakamaki, T., Yoshikawa, M., Greer, D., Tranquilli, S., Beyers, R., Furuichi, T., Hashimoto, C. and Bennett, E. (2010). Eastern Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii): Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan 2010–2020. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Gland, Switzerland. 52pp. Online: https://www.iucngreatapes.org/eastern-chimpanzee [http://www.primate-sg.org/PDF/ECCAP.pdf link]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-03-04

Vu Quang National Park

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:31 GMT

Created page with "Asia > Vietnam > Vu Quang National Park '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Vu_Quang_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Vu_Quang_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Vu_Quang_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl..."

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[[Asia]] > [[Vietnam]] > [[Vu Quang National Park]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|18.281588, 105.474190~[[Vu Quang National Park]]~''Nomascus leucogenys''}}</div>
* Northern white-cheeked gibbons (''Nomascus leucogenys'') are present in Vu Quang National Park.
* It has been estimated that 185 (95% CI: 78-448) individuals occur in the site.
* The gibbon population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 550.3 km².
* Key threats to gibbon are illegal hunting and habitat encroachment.
* Conservation activities have focused on awareness raising, infrastructure development and community development activities, e.g., apiculture.

= Site characteristics =

Vu Quang National Park is located in western Vietnam, next to [[Nakai-Nam Theun National Park]] in Laos. The park was established in 2002 and covers an area of about 550 square km ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]). The site is located in three districts in Ha Tinh province, including Vu Quang, Huong Khe, Huong Son district. The protected area lies on the Annamite mountain, which harbours the highest biodiversity in Vietnam as well as Indochina; at least 94 mammals, 315 birds, 58 reptiles, and 31 amphibians have been confirmed in Vu Quang ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]). Two new mammals were discovered at the site in the 1990s, including Sao La (''Pseudoryx nghetinhensis''), and Giant Muntjac (''Muntiacus vuquangensis''). The fauna of Vu Quang NP also includes species endemic to Indochina, such as the Northern Whitecheeked Gibbon (''Nomascus leucogenys'') and Edwards’s Pheasant (''Lophura edwardsi'') ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]). The area has also been declared an important bird area for conservation ([[#R01921|BirdLife International 2022]]). In addition, the protected area reported that 1,678 flora species with 191 families have been documented, of which 94 species were listed in the Vietnam Red List Book ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Vu Quang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Nomascus leucogenys''
|-
|Area
|550.3 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 18.281588 , Lon: 105.474190
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

A 2020 survey confirmed the presence of 19 groups; based on the survey results it was estimated that 185 gibbon groups occur in Vu Quang National Park, making it a priority site for the conservation of the species ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]). Furthermore, the suitable gibbon habitat was predicted at approximately 252 sq.km, accounting for 45.56% of the total area of the park ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Vu Quang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Nomascus leucogenys''
|2020
|0.74 (0.31-1.78)
|185 (78-448)
|
|Vu Quang National Park
|Fixed point triangulation
|[[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Illegal hunting is one of the main threats to gibbons and other wildlife species at the site. The illegal hunt of several species, including Red-Shanked Douc Langurs, Civets, and Annamite Striped Rabbits, was reported during a 2020 gibbon survey. Rangers are facing many challenges to control the hunting activities due to the far distance from the forest ranger stations and the complex topography of the site. Furthermore, the park's ecosystem is facing degradation due to the impacts of deforestation and forest fragmentation ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Vu Quang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Present (unknown severity)
|Development of human settlements in the area ([[#R01921|BirdLife International 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|Clearance of forest for agriculture ([[#R01921|BirdLife International 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.3 Livestock farming & ranching
|Present (unknown severity)
|Grazing of livestock ([[#R01921|BirdLife International 2022]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Illegal wildlife hunting ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

WWF and FIPI conducted a biodiversity survey of Vu Quang Nature Reserve in 1992. Between June 1995 and June 2000, the WWF Indochina Programme-Vu Quang Conservation Project was implemented with funding from the Royal Netherlands Embassy ([[#R01921|BirdLife International 2022]]). Accomplishments of this project during the first three years included the construction of a guard station, road upgrading and other infrastructure development, and socio-economic and biological research. Project activities during the final two years included field surveys (including a joint BirdLife/WWF ornithological survey in 1999) and community development activities, including irrigation, infrastructure development, planting of fruit trees, apiculture, community forestry and community farming ([[#R01921|BirdLife International 2022]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Vu Quang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|In cooperation with Vu Quang NP, the Gibbon Conservation Alliance raised awareness of local communities in local villages by presenting and discussing with local authorities and communities the current status of gibbons in the park, why it is necessary to conserve gibbons, the role of local communities, and the current regulations of law in the protection of gibbons and other wildlife ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]).
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|Awareness material including posters, lecture files were distributed to Vu Quang NP, and local people. The project also provided 50 T-shirts to our volunteers, forest rangers of Vu Quang NP, and local villagers ([[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]).
|
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is classified as a National Park.
|
|2002-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Vu Quang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|[[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|[[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01922|Tran Van 2021]]
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Vu Quang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Vu Quang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01921"></span>BirdLife International (2022) Important Bird Areas factsheet: Vu Quang. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 16/02/2022.

<span id="R01922"></span>Tran, V. D. (2021). Population assessment, habitat suitability and conservation of the Northern White-cheeked Gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) in Vu Quang National Park, Vietnam. [http://www.gibbonconservation.org/05_projects/2021vuquang_2final.pdf link]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-02-18

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Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|13.972928, 106.436660~[[Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park]]~''Nomascus annamensis''}}</div>
* Northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbons (''Nomascus annamensis'') are present in Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park.
* In 2019, it was estimated that 389 (95% CI 284–542) gibbon groups were present in the site.
* The site has a total size of 2,804 km².
* Gibbons at the site are affected by human activities, such as illegal logging, habitat degradation, and hunting.
* Conservation activities include eco-tourism, sustainable agriculture and biodiversity research.

= Site characteristics =

Veun Sai–Siem Pang National Park, a recognized Key Biodiversity Area, harbors some of the last remaining populations of giant ibis, sun bears, and clouded leopards. Its exceptional biological richness continues to yield new discoveries; for example, Conservation International identified the northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon here in 2010 ([[ https://cambodia.conservation.org/projects/veun-sai-siem-pang-national-park Conservation International Cambodia n.d.]]).
The forest is also vital to local communities, providing food, fuelwood, medicinal plants, and fresh water, while supporting livelihoods through ecotourism, agriculture, and freshwater fishing. Veun Sai–Siem Pang encompasses some of the largest remaining ancestral lands of Indigenous peoples within a protected area in Cambodia. These communities maintain deep spiritual connections to the forest but face high levels of poverty, which has at times driven individuals to engage in illegal and environmentally harmful activities as a means of supporting their families (Conservation International Cambodia n.d.).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Nomascus annamensis''
|-
|Area
|2,804 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 13.972928 , Lon: 106.436660
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Total number groups (95% CI)
!Density [groups/km²] (95% CI)
!Total number indiv. (95% CI)
!Area
!Method
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|'Nomascus annamensis''
|2019
|
|
|389 (284-542)
|Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‌
|Fixed point triangulation
|[[#R01872|McGrath et al. 2023]]
|
|
|-
|'Nomascus annamensis''
|2010
|
|
|456 (421-490)
|Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‍‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‍‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‍‍‌‌‍‍‍‌‍‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‍‍‌‌‌‍‍‌‍‌‌‌‍‌‍‍‌‌
|Fixed point triangulation
|[[#R01872|McGrath et al. 2023]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Gibbons are rarely hunted in the site, reportedly due to a lack of suitable hunting equipment ([[#R01872|McGrath et al. 2023]]).
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.4 Capture for the live animal trade
|Present (unknown severity)
|Gibbons are captured for the pet trade ([[#R01872|McGrath et al. 2023]], [[#R01871|McGrath & Behie 2021]]).
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal selective logging is common in the park ([[#R01872|McGrath et al. 2023]]).
|2019-Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

Conservation International (CI) has been working in the Veun Sai–Siem Pang region since 2009. The organization played a key role in securing legal protection for Veun Sai–Siem Pang National Park, which was designated in 2016. Conservation International supports ranger teams from both government and local communities who patrol the forest, report illegal logging, and raise awareness about the importance of maintaining intact forest ecosystems ([[#R01870|Conservation International Cambodia n.d.]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is a National Park since 2016.
|
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|1 Development impact mitigation
|Other
|Conservation International is working to strengthen the skills and knowledge of local communities to enable them to implement sustainable agriculture, primarily through cashew and cassava farming ([[ https://cambodia.conservation.org/projects/veun-sai-siem-pang-national-park Conservation International Cambodia n.d.]]).
|Conservation International
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|Other
|Graduate students are sponsored to research primates at the site; this research provides better understanding of behavioral ecology, feeding patterns, and the impacts of logging and helps monitoring the population ([[ https://cambodia.conservation.org/projects/veun-sai-siem-pang-national-park Conservation International Cambodia n.d.]]).
|Conservation International
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Rangers receive training not just in patrolling the area, but also in conducting biodiversity surveys ([[ https://cambodia.conservation.org/projects/veun-sai-siem-pang-national-park Conservation International Cambodia n.d.]]).
|Conservation International
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|Conservation International supports local organizations and communities in developing gibbon-viewing ecotourism, providing a sustainable livelihood alternative to logging ([[ https://cambodia.conservation.org/projects/veun-sai-siem-pang-national-park Conservation International Cambodia n.d.]]).
|Conservation International
|Ongoing (2016)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01870"></span>Conservation International Cambodia. (n.d.). Veun Sai–Siem Pang National Park. Conservation International. Retrieved January 28, 2026, from https://cambodia.conservation.org/projects/veun-sai-siem-pang-national-park

<span id="R01871"></span>McGrath, S. J., & Behie, A. M. (2021). Hunting Pressure on Primates in Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park, Cambodia. ''International Journal of Primatology'', 42(4), 563-588. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00219-1 doi:10.1007/s10764-021-00219-1]

<span id="R01872"></span>McGrath, S. J., Liu, J., Stevenson, B. C., & Behie, A. M. (2023). Density and population size estimates of the endangered northern yellow-cheeked crested gibbon Nomascus annamensis in selectively logged Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park in Cambodia using acoustic spatial capture-recapture methods. ''PLOS ONE'', 18(11), e0292386. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0292386 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0292386]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2026-04-06

Usun Apau National Park

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:29 GMT

Created page with "Asia > Malaysia > Usun Apau National Park '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Usun_Apau_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Usun_Apau_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Usun_Apau_National_Park?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_..."

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Usun Apau National Park]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.916324, 114.665293~[[Usun Apau National Park]]~''Pongo pygmaeus''}}</div>
* Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Usun Apau National Park.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.

= Site characteristics =

Usun Apau National Park is described as pristine area known for its waterfalls. The government aims to develop ecotourism at Usun Apau National Park ([[#R01869|Sarawak Tribune 2022]]). Usun Apau was also proposed to be included in the extension of the Heart of Borneo as part of Extended Baram Complex ([[#R01868|Mathai et al. 2016]]). Other species such as ''Presbytis hosei'' and ''Presbytis rubicunda ignita'' are found in this national park (Ang et al.2024).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Usun Apau National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus''
|-
|Area
|471.22 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 2.916324 , Lon: 114.665293
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks)
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

As the site is located near the presumed distribution boundary between ''P. p. pygmaeus'' and ''P. p. morio'', the subspecies observed there cannot be determined with certainty ([[#R01866|Ampeng et al. 2021]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Usun Apau National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|'Pongo pygmaeus''
|2017-2020
|Absent
|
|
|
|
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01866|Ampeng et al. 2021]]
|Aerial surveys fitted with FLIR-cameras were unable to confirm the presence of additional nests from daytime aerial photographs.
|
|-
|'Pongo pygmaeus''
|2017-2020
|Present
|
|
|
|
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01866|Ampeng et al. 2021]]
|The survey using line transects found one individual Bornean orangutan and 4 orangutan nests.
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

There was an expedition in Usun Apau Plateau by an Oxford University in 1955 (Arnold 1957). The expedition explored the plateau and also conducted archaelogical excavations from old longhouses.

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01866"></span>Ampeng, A., Liam, J., Simpson, B., Traelholt, C., Md Nor, S., Abdan-Saleman, M. S. B., …, & Md-Zain, B. M. (2021). First Bornean orangutan sighting in Usun Apau National Park, Sarawak. ''Biodiversity Data Journal'', 9. [https://doi.org/10.3897/bdj.9.e60753 doi:10.3897/bdj.9.e60753]

<span id="R01867"></span>Ang, A., Brandon-Jones, D., Ruppert, N., Lee, Z. H., Affendi, A., Stanly Anyie, Y., Boonratana, R., Cheyne, S. M., Chua, A., Hayunieta, Irawan, A., Jerusalinsky, L., Karuniawati, A., Khalid, S., Koh, J., Lee, C., Lhota, S., Lwin, N., Mittermeier, R. A., … Roos, C. (2024). Asian langurs (Presbytis) conservation action plan 2024–2034. IUCN. https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/51546

<span id="R01868"></span>Mathai, J., Duckworth, J. W., Meijaard, E., Fredriksson, G., Hon, J., Sebastian, A., … Wilting, A. (2016). Carnivore conservation planning on Borneo: Identifying key carnivore landscapes, research priorities and conservation interventions. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology.

<span id="R01869"></span>Sarawak Tribune. (2022). Government to develop Usun Apau as tourist attraction. https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/government-to-develop-usun-apau-as-tourist-attraction/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230312195543/https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/government-to-develop-usun-apau-as-tourist-attraction/ link]

'''Page created by: '''Cristiar Samosir''' Date:''' 2024-11-26 13:43:00

'''Page updated by: '''APES Atlas team''' Date:''' 2026-03-16

Usala Forest

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:28 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Democratic Republic of the Congo > Usala Forest '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Usala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Usala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Usala_Forest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Usala Forest]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-0.5275, 28.2898~[[Usala Forest]]~''Gorilla beringei graueri''}}</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') & Grauer's gorillas (''Gorilla beringei graueri'') are present in Usala Forest.
* In 2007, the gorilla population was estimated to range between 240 to 410 individuals. The chimpanzee population is unknown.
* The gorilla population trend is stable; the chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 3,500 km².
* Important threats to great apes include illegal mining and the presence of armed groups.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

Usala forest lies to the east of [[Maiko National Park]], in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is among the most remote, intact, and inaccessible blocks of tropical rainforest remaining in Africa ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]). The site is also important for the conservation of okapis ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|-
|Area
|3,500 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -0.5275 , Lon: 28.2898
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

Survey results suggest that between 2007 and 2014, the gorilla population in Usala remained relatively stable ([[#R01865|Nixon et al. 2015]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2014
|Present
|
|
|
|Usala Forest (340 km²)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01865|Nixon et al. 2015]]
|Survey effort: 200 km. 28 nest sites were encountered.
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2007
|
|
|
|240-410
|Usala Forest (850 km²)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01865|Nixon et al. 2015]]
|Assessment led by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International. 34 nest sites and large gorilla groups were encountered. Abundance estimate is tentative. Survey effort: 240 km.
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Presence of armed groups involved in illegal mining activities ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]).
|Ongoing (2015)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

Widespread presence of armed groups and illegal mining operations present serious challenges for the implementation of conservation activities ([[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
|[[#R01864|Kümpel et al. 2015]]
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Nixon, S.C., Mufabule, K., Eliba, A. & Patule, I.M. 2007. A prospection survey of the Usala Forest and proposed Usala Community Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. Unpublished report submitted to DFGI, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, Goma, DRC. Available at http://fondationkumu.files.wordpress.com/2012/05/usalaprospection-2007.pdf

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02335|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02335|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|22.8
|24
|23.7
|24.2
|25.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1648
|1637
|1699
|1599
|1729
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|5.8
|11.4
|12
|15.5
|13.1
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|7.1
|7.5
|8.3
|8.1
|11.8
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Usala Forest'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|4
|0
|3.5
|0
|5
|0
|16.5
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|1.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|2
|1.04
|2.75
|2.04
|1.75
|1
|5.5
|2.4
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.39
|30
|0.38
|29
|0.47
|29
|0.28
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Usala Forest]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Usala_Forest.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Usala Forest]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01864"></span>Kümpel, N. F., Quinn, A., Queslin, E., Grange, S., Mallon, D. & Mapilanga, J-J. (2015). Okapi (Okapia johnstoni): Conservation Strategy and Status Review. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature (ICCN). pp. 58

<span id="R01865"></span>Nixon, S., Kaghoma, C. & Vyalengerera, M. (2015). The status of Grauer’s gorilla in the Usala Forest. Gorilla Journal (Journal of Berggorilla and Regenwald Direkthilfe) 50. [https://berggorilla.org/en/home/news-archive/article-view/the-status-of-grauers-gorilla-in-the-usala-forest link]

<span id="R02335"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2020-12-29

Ulu Sungai Menyang

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:28 GMT

Created page with "Asia > Malaysia > Ulu Sungai Menyang '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Sungai_Menyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Sungai_Menyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Sungai_Menyang?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en..."

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Ulu Sungai Menyang]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|1.191402, 111.939060~[[Ulu Sungai Menyang]]~''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''}}</div>
* Northwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus'') are present in Ulu Sungai Menyang.
* It has been estimated that 200-270 individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 430 km².
* Key threats to orangutans are hunting and potential habitat loss due to logging.
* Conservation activities have focused on ecotourism, supporting livelihoods through a gaharu tree project, and supporting orangutans by planting fruit trees and palms that they feed on.
* Indigenous Iban longhouse communities are found in the site, where they have lived for centuries; through their knowledge and customs they have protected orangutans and other wildlife in the area.
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: ForestUluSungaiM.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |Ulu Sungai Menyang © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Longhouse.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |Iban longhouse © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Sagopalms.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |Sago palms for orangutans © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]] </li></ul></div>
= Site characteristics =

The site is located in the Malaysian state of Sarawak, Borneo. It is situated between [[Batang Ai National Park]], the border to Indonesia, and the Batang Ai lake, which is an artificial lake that was created as a hydroelectric reservoir. The site, which is now classified as a Conservation Area, was proposed as an extension of Batang Ai National park following a 2013 survey that documented a high density of orangutans in the area ([https://borneoadventure.com/blog/2013/04/sungai-menyang-conservation/ Borneo Adventure 2019], [https://batangai.sarawaktourism.com/ Sarawak Tourism]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|-
|Area
|430 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 1.191402 , Lon: 111.939060
|-
|Type of site
|Conservation area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Artificial aquatic (water storage), Agricultural land
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
[[File: OrangutanUSM.jpg | 300px | thumb| none |Female orangutan © Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2023
|
|
|
|270.0
|Ulu Sungai Menyang Conservation Area
|Informed guess
|
|Manggat Meringai pers. comm. 2023
|Manggat Meringai is the chief of the Manggat longhouse, located inside the conservation area
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus pygmaeus''
|2012-2013
|
|
|0.82 (0.41-1.26)
|115 (57-176)
|Ulu Sungai Menyang landscape (140 km²)
|Full count
|
|[[#R02088|Pandong et al. 2018]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Logging companies have been stopped by local Iban communities on multiple occasions (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Some forest clearing occurs for agriculture, mainly rice cultivation. However, the Iban community allow for the forest to regenerate and the expansion of paddy fields is controlled (Ordaz-Nemeth pers. obs. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Hunters come from outside towns and communities and target different wildlife, including orangutans (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

Due to an abundance of feeding trees and protection from the local Iban longhouse communities, the orangutan population in the area is stable. WWF-Malaysia and the Forest Department Sarawak initiated a project in 2014 to support income generation for local communities through the plantation of native gaharu trees in degraded land. Gaharu trees are used for the production of agarwood, but the leaves can also be harvested and used for tea ([https://www.wwf.org.uk/success-stories/planting-future-orangutans-and-people WWF]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.12 Implement community control of patrolling, banning hunting and removing snares
|Local Iban communities do not hunt nor consume orangutans (Manggat M. pers comm. 2023).
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is designated as a Conservation Area.
|
|Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ulu Sungai Menyang'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01862"></span>Borneo Adventure (2019). 200 orangutan found living outside Batang Ai National Park. Retrieved 15 Sept 2023. Online: https://borneoadventure.com/blog/2013/04/orangutan-survey-menyang/

<span id="R01863"></span>WWF (n.d.). Planting a future for orangutans and people. Retrieved 15 Sept 2023.Online: https://www.wwf.org.uk/success-stories/planting-future-orangutans-and-people

<span id="R02088"></span>Pandong, J., Gumal, M., Alen, L., Sidu, A., Ng, S., & Koh, L. P. (2018). Population estimates of Bornean orang-utans using Bayesian analysis at the greater Batang Ai-Lanjak-Entimau landscape in Sarawak, Malaysia. ''Scientific Reports'', 8(1), 15672. [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33872-3 doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33872-3]

'''Page created by: '''Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth''' Date:''' 2023-09-15

Ulu Segama-Malua

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:27 GMT

Created page with "Asia > Malaysia > Ulu Segama-Malua '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_p..."

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[[Asia]] > [[Malaysia]] > [[Ulu Segama-Malua]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ulu_Segama-Malua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|4.956727, 117.878134~[[Ulu Segama-Malua]]~''Pongo pygmaeus morio''}}</div>
* Northeast Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus morio'') are present in the Ulu Segama-Malua landscape.
* It has been estimated that 2,580 (CI: 1,295-5,866) individuals occur in the site.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 2,400 km².
* Key threats to orangutans include logging, forest degradation and fragmentation.
* Conservation activities have focused on habitat restoration.

= Site characteristics =

The Ulu Segama-Malua (USM) landscape is located in the Malaysian state of Sabah between 116°28′E and 4°14′N and comprises approximately 240,000 hectares of lowland forest ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]], [[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). The site sustains one of the largest orangutan populations in Sabah ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]]). To the north of USM, Bukit Piton Forest Reserve (12,000 ha) is found, which is an area of high conservation value ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]]). The USM landscape consists of a variably steep terrain, with many hills and ridges, although Malua's topography is predominantly flat and low ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|-
|Area
|2,400 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 4.956727 , Lon: 117.878134
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|0.13 (0.04-0.39)
|
|Segama East
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|0.79 (0.29-2.16)
|
|Segama Central
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|1.52 (0.5-4.1)
|
|North Ulu Segama
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|1.64 (0.58-4.52)
|
|Malua
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|1.76 (0.64-4.80)
|
|Segama South West
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2002
|
|
|
|4,584 (2,064-11,064)
|Segama forests
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01860|Ancrenaz et al. 2005]]
|
|
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus morio''
|2007
|
|
|
|2,580 (1,295-5,866)
|USM forests, total
|Aerial (drones/plane/helicopter)
|
|[[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Surveys in 2002 and 2007 show that orangutan populations can be maintained in forests that have been lightly and sustainably logged ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). However, in heavily logged forests there was a decline in orangutan numbers ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Nest distribution in the forests of Ulu Segama Malua indicates that orangutans leave areas undergoing active disturbance, reaching forests that are located up to 500 meters above sea level ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Oil palm plantations surround the landscape, especially along the eastern and northern borders ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]], [[#R01861|WWF 2020]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging roads that are present in higher frequency in overdegraded forests ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Heavy logging has led to decreased orangutan abundance at the site, as well as forest fragmentation ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present (unknown severity)
|Fires to clear land, but also due to severe droughts ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

Conventional logging practices and heavy extraction rates, coupled with high road densities and indiscriminate felling, has resulted in a mosaic of highly degraded forests bordering hilltops and isolated patches of moderate habitat; in other words, habitat in the USM landscape is very heterogeneous ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Multiple logging cycles that began in 1957 and ended in 2007 led to drastic alterations in the original forest structure and integrity ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]). Forest fragmentation has forced the orangutan population to spread into less suitable habitats ([[#R01859|Ancrenaz et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Restoration in the Bukit Piton forest is intended to have a positive impact on the rest of the landscape by connecting key patches of forest ([[#R01861|WWF 2020]]).
|
|Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ulu Segama-Malua'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

[http://www.forest.sabah.gov.my/usm/ Ulu Segama Malua - Sabah Forestry Department]

= References =

<span id="R01859"></span>Ancrenaz, M., Ambu, L., Sunjoto, I., Ahmad, E., Manokaran, K., Meijaard, E., & Lackman, I. (2010). Recent Surveys in the Forests of Ulu Segama Malua, Sabah, Malaysia, Show That Orang-utans (P. p. morio) Can Be Maintained in Slightly Logged Forests. ''PLoS ONE'', 5(7), e11510. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0011510 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011510]

<span id="R01860"></span>Ancrenaz, M., Gimenez, O., Ambu, L., Ancrenaz, K., Andau, P., Goossens, B., ... & Lackman-Ancrenaz, I. (2005). Aerial surveys give new estimates for orangutans in Sabah, Malaysia. PLoS Biology, 3(1), e3. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030003]

<span id="R01861"></span>WWF (2020). Lessons Learnt from 12 Years Restoring the Orangutan’s Habitat: the Bukit Piton Forest Reserve in the Malaysian State of Sabah. Online: https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?364737/WWF-field-series-Lessons-learnt-from-restoring-the-orangutan-habitat-in-the-Malaysian-State-of-Sabah

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-16

Ugalla

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:27 GMT

Created page with "East Africa > Tanzania > Ugalla '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https:..."

New page

[[East Africa]] > [[Tanzania]] > [[Ugalla]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Ugalla?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-5.811084, 31.901811~[[Ugalla]]~''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''}}</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Ugalla.
* It has been estimated that 322 (CI: 227–373) individuals occur in the site.
* The chimpanzees population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 3,352 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are poaching and habitat encroachment.
* Conservation activities are not documented.

= Site characteristics =

The Ugalla region is located approximately 65 km east of Lake Tanganyika, in western Tanzania ([[#R01857|Moore & Vigilant 2014]]). A large part of the region is found within the East Tongwe Forest Reserve and is not part of the national park system of Tanzania ([[#R01857|Moore & Vigilant 2014]]). The site covers approximately 3,350 sq.km and is one of the most seasonal, dry, and open chimpanzee habitats ([[#R01857|Moore & Vigilant 2014]]). The region is classified as savanna-woodland; the grassy groundcover is extensive, the drought season takes place between May and October, and there is minimal rainfall. Small strips of forest occur around the ephemeral rivers of Ugalla ([[#R01857|Moore & Vigilant 2014]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|-
|Area
|3,352 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -5.811084 , Lon: 31.901811
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Grassland, Savanna, Grassland
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2009-2010
|
|
|0.25 (0.16-0.38)
|322 (227-373)
|Ugalla region (624 km²)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01857|Moore & Vigilant 2014]]
|Standard and spatially explicit genetic capture-recapture methods
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|1995-2005
|
|
|0.07-0.09
|200-300
|Ugalla (3,352 km²)
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R01858|Ogawa et al. 2007]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

The area has been under increasing pressure from human disturbance. The greatest threats include agricultural expansion, cattle herding, fire, logging, and poaching ([[#R01856|Masanja 2014]]). Hunting with snares is very common, but large game such as buffalo (''Syncerus caffer''), rhinoceros (''Diceros bicornis'') or elephant (''Loxodonta africana'') are hunted with firearms. Elephant, rhinoceros and lion numbers have declined sharply in Ugalla, along with increased illegal ivory trade ([[#R01856|Masanja 2014]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Poaching is a serious problem in Ugalla because of poverty and a massive increase in demand for animal protein ([[#R01856|Masanja 2014]]).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present (unknown severity)
|People burn grassland during the dry season. Although the fires have direct and indirect influences on vegetation and wild animals, trees don't die from the fires; the woodland in the area is considered fire-adapted ([[#R01858|Ogawa 2007]]).
|Ongoing (2007)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

A behavioral study of chimpanzees at the site documented the use of tools to dig for plant underground storage organs (USOs), suggesting that exploitation of such resources was within the cognitive and technological reach of the earliest hominins ([[#R01855|Hernandez-Aguilar, Moore & Pickering 2007]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Using tools to dig for plant underground storage organs
|
|
|
|[[#R01855|Hernandez-Aguilar, Moore & Pickering 2007]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02334|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02334|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|21.2
|22.3
|22.3
|22.3
|23.8
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1106
|1089
|1131
|1076
|1123
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|128.9
|128.3
|124.3
|130
|126.9
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|4.2
|2.5
|3.8
|2.4
|4.6
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Ugalla'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|0.5
|0.05
|0
|0
|1
|0.1
|0.5
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.1
|2
|0.36
|1.75
|0.09
|4
|0.41
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|2.55
|30
|2.41
|29
|2.69
|29
|2.65
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Ugalla_Deborah_Moore.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Ugalla]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Ugalla_Deborah_Moore.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Ugalla]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01855"></span>Hernandez-Aguilar, R. A., Moore, J., & Pickering, T. R. (2007). Savanna chimpanzees use tools to harvest the underground storage organs of plants. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 104(49), 19210-19213. [https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707929104 doi:10.1073/pnas.0707929104]

<span id="R01856"></span>Masanja, G. F. (2014). Human population growth and wildlife extinction in Ugalla ecosystem, western Tanzania. Journal of Sustainable Development Studies, 5(2). [http://infinitypress.info/index.php/jsds/article/view/596 link]

<span id="R01857"></span>Moore, D. L., & Vigilant, L. (2014). A population estimate of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the Ugalla region using standard and spatially explicit genetic capture–recapture methods. American Journal of Primatology, 76(4), 335–346. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22237 doi:10.1002/ajp.22237]

<span id="R01858"></span>Ogawa, H., Idani, G., Moore, J., Pintea, L., & Hernandez-Aguilar, A. (2007). Sleeping Parties and Nest Distribution of Chimpanzees in the Savanna Woodland, Ugalla, Tanzania. ''International Journal of Primatology'', 28(6), 1397-1412. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-007-9210-0 doi:10.1007/s10764-007-9210-0]

<span id="R02334"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-14

UFA Ngombe

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:26 GMT

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Republic of the Congo]] > [[UFA Ngombe]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_Ngombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_Ngombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_Ngombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_Ngombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_Ngombe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|1.07897, 15.73845~[[UFA Ngombe]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in UFA Ngombe.
* It has been estimated that 2,080 chimpanzees and 54,730 gorillas inhabit the site.
* The population trend is unknown.

= Site characteristics =

UFA Ngombe is located in the northern part of the Republic of Congo, in the Sangha department. It is bordered by Odzala Kokoua National Park to the west, various UFAs assigned to the CIB company to the east, the Tala-Tala UFA to the northwest, and the Ngoko River to the north, which forms the boundary with Cameroon ([[#R01852|IFO 2015]]).
UFA Ngombé lies in a semi-humid equatorial climate zone, characterized by two dry seasons (mid-December to mid-March and June to mid-August) and two rainy seasons (March to June and August to mid-December). The UFA features two distinct types of terrain: 1. Hills in the north and west, with altitudes reaching 400 meters, characterized by undulating peneplains on horizontal sandstone. 2. Large, flat plains to the east and south, with altitudes below 400 meters, marked by extensive marshes. The area is part of the Sangha River basin, a major tributary of the Congo River. Aside from a few non-forest areas, such as savannas, human settlements, and cultivated lands, most of UFA Ngombe is covered by dense, evergreen rainforests and swamp forests. These forests include both permanently and periodically flooded areas ([[#R01852|IFO 2015]]).
The Ngombe-Epoma Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) covers the most part of the Ngombe Forest Management Unit and the adjacent agri-concession of Epoma ([[#R01853|Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2025]]). Due to its large size, many species make this site a KBA: Western gorilla, chimpanzee, grey-cheeked managbey, Bouvier's red colobus (endemic to Congo), African golden cat, African forest elephant, black-bellied pangolin, white-bellied pangolin, giant ground pangolin and African grey parrot. Also this KBA is one of only a few sites where the endemic ebony ''Diospyros whitei'' occurs ([[#R01853|Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2025]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA Ngombe'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|11,596.43 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 1.07897 , Lon: 15.73845
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Private governance
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA Ngombe'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2006-2007
|
|0.53
|0.16 (0.059-0.45)
|2080.0
|UFA_Ngombe (11,596.43 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2006-2007
|
|4.08
|4.21 (2.13-8.30)
|54730.0
|UFA_Ngombe (11,596.43 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2005
|
|
|0.40
|
|UFA_Ngombe (11,596.43 km²)
|Unknown
|
|[[#R01852|IFO 2015]]
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2005
|
|
|3.7
|
|UFA_Ngombe (11,596.43 km²)
|Unknown
|
|[[#R01852|IFO 2015]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA Ngombe'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The intense activity of the populations living in these towns, primarily related to agricultural or hunting activities ([[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]).
|Ongoing (2007)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Hunting is clearly a factor influencing the distribution of gorillas. The absence of gorillas in the northern part of the UFA may be attributed to the high hunting pressure from the large human population settled along the Ouesso-Yengo road and around major towns such as Ouesso, Mokeko, and Ngombé. However, there are also many large villages within the UFA, some of which are known to be major hunting hubs ([[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]).
|Ongoing (2007)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|The Pygmy populations are semi-sedentary in villages. However, they remain highly dependent on the natural environment for their livelihood, relying on activities such as hunting and the collection of Non-Timber Forest Products (e.g., coconut, péké, etc.) ([[#R01852|IFO 2015]]).
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|[[#R01852|IFO 2015]]
|Ongoing (2015)
|-
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8.4 Pathogens
|Present (unknown severity)
|In 2006-2007 a localised cluster of great ape carcasses was found within the KBA that includes the site. The cause was suspected Ebola but not confirmed ([[#R01853|Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership 2025]]).
|2006-2007
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA Ngombe'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|The Anti-Poaching Surveillance and Combat Unit (USLAB) is made up of eco-guards who have received specialized training in anti-poaching efforts and wildlife management. The current wildlife management program relies on checkpoints and mobile patrols conducted in the forest and along the transportation routes for bushmeat ([[#R01852|IFO, 2015]]).
|Industrie Forestière d’Ouesso (IFO)
|2007-Ongoing (2015)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.3 Establish areas for conservation which are not protected by national or international legislation (e.g., private sector standards & codes)
|There is a conservation series within the UFA. The goals of this series are to ensure the sustainability of forest species, protect wildlife and plant habitats, safeguard rare, endangered, or threatened species, and promote the sustainable use of natural resources ([[#R01852|IFO 2015]]).
|Industrie Forestière d’Ouesso (IFO)
|2007-Ongoing (2015)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA Ngombe'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]
|2006-Ongoing (2007)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
|[[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]
|2006-Ongoing (2007)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.3 Lack of protected area status
|[[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]
|2006-Ongoing (2007)
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for UFA Ngombe'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.3 Adaptive management practices
|[[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]
|2006-Ongoing (2007)
|-
|5 Ecological context
|5.1 Ecological characteristics (e.g. terrain) conducive to conservation
|[[#R01854|Kiminou et al. 2007]]
|2006-Ongoing (2007)
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for UFA Ngombe'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01852"></span>IFO. (2015). Plan d’aménagement UFA Ngombé, nov. 2007 – résumé public 06 oct. 15. Forêt Ressources Management – IFO.

<span id="R01853"></span>Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership. (2025). Key Biodiversity Areas factsheet: Ngombé-Epoma. Extracted from the World Database of Key Biodiversity Areas. Key Biodiversity Areas Partnership. https://keybiodiversityareas.org/

<span id="R01854"></span>Kiminou, F. A. O., Moukala, G., Malonga, R., & Nganga, I. (2007). Recensement et distribution des grands mammifères et activités humaines dans l’UFA Ngombé (Nord-Congo). WCS-Congo & CENIAF-MEF.

'''Page created by: '''Zausa Diorne''' Date:''' 2024-11-26 14:03:00

UFA 10-065

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:26 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > UFA 10-065 '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-065?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-065?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-065?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Españ..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[UFA 10-065]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.350849, 13.441975~[[UFA 10-065]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in UFA 10-065.
* In 2012, it was estimated that 380 gorillas inhabit in the site.
* The population trends are unknown.
* Great apes in the site are mainly threatened by hunting and logging.

= Site characteristics =

The site is a logging concession neighboring [[Deng Deng National Park]] in Cameroon.Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) and central chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes troglodytes) are present in the site ([[#R01850|Maisels et al. 2013]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 10-065'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|500 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.350849 , Lon: 13.441975
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 10-065'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2012
|
|2.5 (1.5‐4.4)
|0.76 (0.42-1.34)
|380 (215-670)
|UFA 10-065 (500 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01850|Maisels et al. 2013]]
|
|CMR0028, CMR0029<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+1 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0123</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2012
|
|0.09 (0.03‐0.3)
|
|
|UFA 10-065 (500 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01850|Maisels et al. 2013]]
|Chimpanzee density was too low to estimate accurately. Density and abundance not calculated due to low encounters.
|CMR0028, CMR0029<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+1 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0123</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2010
|
|3.5
|1.29 (0.7-2.4)
|459 (247-854)
|UFA 10-065 (500 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01850|Maisels et al. 2013]]
|
|CMR0028, CMR0029<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+1 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0123</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 10-065'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Presence of snares, gunshots, hunting camps, and cartridge cases throughout the park and logging concession, indicating ongoing hunting ([[#R01850|Maisels et al., 2013]]).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Signs of extraction of of bark, honey or palm wine ([[#R01850|Maisels et al. 2013]]).
|Ongoing (2013)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Logging activities causing habitat fragmentation and degradation in the area, as the UFA is part of a large logging concession ([[#R01850|Maisels et al., 2013]]).
|Ongoing (2013)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

WCS began working in the Deng Deng landscape (including UFA 10-065) in early 2009 as part of a collaborative effort with the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), supported financially by the French Development Agency (AFD). The area hosts the northernmost known population of lowland gorillas and is also home to other threatened species, including chimpanzees, elephants, hippopotamuses, giant pangolins, and yellow-backed duikers ([[#R01851|WCS n.d]].).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA 10-065'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Great ape surveys and human activity surveys have been conducted in the area and surroundings ([[#R01851|WCS n.d.]], [[#R01850|Maisels et al. 2013]]).
|Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
|2009-Ongoing (2013)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Environmental education and awareness raising for the protection of great apes and biodiversity ([[#R01851|WCS n.d]].).
|Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
|Ongoing (2009)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|Capacity building in natural resources management and support for livelihood initiatives ([[#R01851|WCS n.d]].).
|Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS)
|Ongoing (2009)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for UFA 10-065'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|[[#R01850|Maisels et al., 2013]].
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02333|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02333|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 10-065'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.1
|25.4
|25.1
|25.5
|26.6
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1514
|1574
|1579
|1577
|1610
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|46.9
|42.4
|46
|42.5
|46.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.9
|7.2
|7.1
|6.7
|7.8
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 10-065'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|9
|0.22
|7
|0.34
|8
|0.2
|12
|0.25
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|0.5
|50
|1.5
|100
|2
|100
|3.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|0.75
|1.13
|1
|0.81
|0.5
|1.47
|1.75
|3.01
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.75
|30
|0.76
|29
|0.76
|29
|0.77
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_UFA_10-065.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in UFA 10-065]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_UFA_10-065.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in UFA 10-065]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01850"></span>Maisels, F., Strindberg, S., Ambahe, R., Ambassa, E., Yara, C. N., Pouomegne, B., …, & Fotso, R. (2013). Deng Deng National Park and UFA 10–065, Republic of Cameroon. Wildlife and Human Impact Survey 2012. Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS).

<span id="R01851"></span>Wildlife Conservation Society. (n.d.). Deng Deng National Park. https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Deng-Deng-National-Park.aspx

<span id="R02333"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth''' Date:''' 2024-11-28 10:30:00

'''Page updated by: '''Isabel Ordaz-Nemeth''' Date:''' 2025-10-22

UFA 10-064 ZIC31

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:25 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > UFA 10-064_ZIC31 '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-064_ZIC31?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-064_ZIC31?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-064_ZIC31?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[UFA 10-064_ZIC31]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|1.955004, 15.927939~[[UFA 10-064_ZIC31]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in UFA 10-064_ZIC31.
* In 2018, it was estimated that 2,270 gorillas inhabit the site.
* The population trend is unknown.

= Site characteristics =

UFA 10-064/ZIC 31, part of the transboundary Sangha Trinational (TNS) UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a biodiversity hotspot that supports endangered species such as gorillas, chimpanzees, elephants, duikers, buffaloes, pangolins, and various primates like colobus monkeys and gray-cheeked mangabeys, as documented in wildlife inventories from 2015 and 2018. This ecologically significant region provides critical habitat for species threatened by poaching and habitat loss, while its dense subtropical/tropical moist lowland forests play a vital role in carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change. With over two decades of conservation efforts, including biodiversity monitoring and sustainable management of overlapping forest management units and hunting zones, the area also holds cultural value for Indigenous peoples and local communities who rely on it for traditional practices, subsistence activities, and sacred sites. As a buffer zone adjacent to Lobéké National Park, it enhances regional biodiversity conservation; however, it faces ongoing threats from illegal poaching, logging, mining, and the escalating impacts of climate change and human encroachment, underscoring the urgent need for continued conservation action ([[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|1,159.17 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 1.955004 , Lon: 15.927939
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession and community managed hunting interest zone
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Shared governance
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|2.20 (1.49-3.26)
|2,556 (1,729-3,778)
|UFA 10-064_ZIC31
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|47 transects were covered and an effort of 94km was made.
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|2.70 (1.64-4.45)
|2,270 (1,378-3,738)
|UFA 10-064_ZIC31
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|The highest densities of great apes are found in ZIC 31. These increases in average values are due to the fact that great apes are not among the primary targets of poaching in the area. Additionally, they benefit from local customs and traditions that prohibit the consumption of gorilla and chimpanzee meat in the Lobéké area.
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|2.04 (1.12-3.72)
|2,365 (1,297-4,312)
|UFA 10-064_ZIC31
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|2.14 (1.25-3.70)
|2,491 (1,445-4,294)
|UFA 10-064_ZIC31
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|Between 2014 and 2015, 54 transects were covered with and effort of 147km.
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Mining on the periphery of the park destroys or disturbs the natural wildlife habitats ([[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2002-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Presence of sport hunting on the periphery of the park does not respect sustainable management principles ([[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2002-Ongoing (2018
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The illegal circulation of weapons in the TNS landscape intensifies the high poaching of elephants for ivory trade as well as gorilla andchimpanzees, although elephants remain the main target ([[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2002-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging on the periphery of the park, which destroy and/or disturb natural wildlife habitats ([[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]]). The presence of human activities, such as logging, threatens the integrity of forest habitats of the Lobeke landscape ([[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2014-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Conservation efforts in UFA 10-064 (ZIC 31) include wildlife population surveys using transect sampling methods to estimate densities of gorillas and chimpanzees. These efforts also assess habitat use, pressures from human activities, and the impact of conservation strategies. The surveys focus on understanding species distribution and the effects of poaching and habitat degradation ([[#R01849|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF Cameroon - Jengi-TNS Program, Cameroon Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF)
|2002-Ongoing (2019)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|2014-Ongoing (2019)
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|2014-Ongoing (2019)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.2 Local taboos in favor of conservation
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|2014-Ongoing (2019)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|2014-Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Strong government support
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|2014-Ongoing (2019)
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Wildlife monitoring and research in the region focus on regular population assessments of gorillas and chimpanzees, including density estimation, habitat use, and the impact of human activities such as poaching and habitat degradation. Conducted by organizations like WWF Cameroon (Jengi-TNS Program), the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF), and international partners such as USFWS and FTNS, these studies utilize methods like transect sampling and nest surveys to estimate population sizes and spatial distribution. Additionally, human-wildlife interaction studies, led by WWF Cameroon with support from local communities, assess the effects of activities like poaching, logging, and mining on great ape populations, aiming to develop management strategies that reduce human pressures and promote coexistence. Environmental and ecological research, carried out in collaboration with academic institutions, includes biodiversity surveys, analyses of gorilla and chimpanzee nest degradation rates, and habitat mapping to enhance understanding of ecosystem health and inform species conservation efforts (Beuko et al. 2019).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Nest-Building Behavior Behavior: Both gorillas and chimpanzees construct nests for resting, primarily observed at night. These nests are built in trees (chimpanzees) or on the ground (gorillas) using branches and leaves.
|
|
|
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Feeding Behavior Behavior: Gorillas and chimpanzees forage on a variety of fruits, leaves, and other plant materials. Feeding signs, such as discarded fruit parts and broken branches, were frequently documented.
|
|
|
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Social Grouping and Interaction Behavior: Evidence of group activity, such as multiple nests in proximity and vocalizations, indicates social interactions within gorilla troops and chimpanzee communities.
|
|
|
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Territorial and Vocal Communication Behavior: Vocalizations, including hoots, screams, and chest-beating (gorillas), were documented as part of communication and territorial displays.
|
|
|
|[[#R01849|Beuko et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02332|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02332|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.1
|25.5
|25.3
|25.7
|26.8
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1523
|1557
|1562
|1594
|1568
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|20.7
|11.9
|13.5
|11.1
|13.2
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.6
|8.8
|9
|9
|9.8
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 10-064_ZIC31'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|12
|0.01
|13.5
|0.02
|7
|0
|27.5
|0.02
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|1
|50
|0
|0
|2.5
|50
|7
|100
|-
|River flood
|0.5
|0.26
|1.5
|0.13
|1.5
|0.44
|1
|0.27
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.43
|30
|0.49
|29
|0.39
|29
|0.41
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_UFA_10-064_ZIC_31.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in UFA 10-064_ZIC31]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_UFA_10-064_ZIC_31.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in UFA 10-064_ZIC31]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01849"></span>Beukou, B., Sombambo, M., Nzooh, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Hessana, D., Sebogo, L., & Mengamenya, A. (2019). Dynamique des populations de grands et moyens mammiferes dans le segment Cameroun du paysage Tri-National dela Sangha. WWF Report and MINFOP.

<span id="R02332"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2024-11-27 09:30:00

UFA 10-063 ZICGC3

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:25 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-063_ZICGC3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-063_ZICGC3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-063_ZICGC3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[UFA 10-063_ZICGC3]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.235082, 15.614917~[[UFA 10-063_ZICGC3]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (Forest Management Unit).
* In 2018, the great ape population was estimated at 2,546 (1,626-3,985) individuals.
* The population trends are unknown.

= Site characteristics =

The site exhibits notable ecological dynamics, particularly concerning elephant populations and primate species. Over time, elephant densities have increased between 2015 and 2018. The site supports diverse wildlife, including chimpanzees, gorillas, and various duiker species. However, the distribution of elephants and other species has shifted over time, due to anthropogenic pressures such as hunting and habitat modification. The habitat consists of primary and secondary forests, swamps, and human-altered landscapes, making it a crucial area for conservation. Human activities have influenced species movement, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts to mitigate habitat fragmentation and ensure sustainable wildlife populations ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|838.18 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 2.235082 , Lon: 15.614917
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession and community managed hunting interest zone
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|1.50 (0.92-2.43)
|1,254 (772-2,038)
|UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|1.66 (1.06-2.60)
|1,387 (885-2,175)
|UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|2.10 (1.39-3.21)
|2,444 (1,607-3716)
|UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|3.03 (1.94-4.75)
|2,546 (1,626-3,985)
|UFA 10-063_ZICGC3 (83.21 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Mining on the periphery of the park destroys or disturbs the natural wildlife habitats ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2002-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Present (unknown severity)
|Presence of roads and railroads around the periphery zone (UFA10-063_ZICGC3) of the Lobeke NP ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Hunting is present in the area ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]). Presence of sport hunting on the periphery of the park does not respect sustainable management principles ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2002-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The presence of human activities, such as logging, threatens the integrity of forest habitats of the Lobeke landscape ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.3 Other human disturbances
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The illegal circulation of war weapons in the TNS landscape intensifies the high poaching of elephants for ivory trade as well as gorilla and chimpanzees although elephants remain the main target during this survey years. More over, traps, cartridge cases, camp sites are present pose threats to this site ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2002-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|During data collection, teams led by eco-guards assisted by military personnel consistently covered the study area. resulting in the seizure of 14 weapons (13 12-gauge & 01 AK47), 211 rounds of AKA 47 ammunition and more than 2,500 steel wire booby traps dismantled. Although the principal objectif was not to combat poaching. A significant number of seizures of poaching materials were also recorded during the reconnaissance walks carried out in 2016 in Lobeke NP and its peripheral zone (UFA10-063_ZICGC3) in 2015.
|WWF Cameroon Country Program and Lobeke National Park Conservation Office
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 Lack of biomonitoring/survey data
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2000-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.2 Lack of youth engagement
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.2 Insecurity
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.3 Adaptive management practices
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|[[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Research activities in UFA 10-063/ZICGC 3 have focused primarily on the abundance, distribution, and habitat usage of great apes, including gorillas and chimpanzees, in the context of human impact and conservation strategies. Data collected through transects have recorded signs of human activities affecting species distribution, with notable declines in density compared to nearby protected areas like Lobeke National Park ([[#R01848|Beukou et al. 2019]]).

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02331|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02331|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.3
|25.7
|25.6
|26
|27
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1434
|1451
|1477
|1505
|1486
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|24.9
|19.6
|21.9
|17.4
|20.5
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.5
|7.7
|8.9
|7.9
|9.7
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|5.5
|0
|4
|0
|7.5
|0
|13.5
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|3
|50
|2.5
|100
|4
|100
|10.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|1.25
|0.41
|0.5
|0.13
|1
|0.35
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.67
|30
|0.67
|29
|0.44
|29
|0.62
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_UFA_10-063_ZICGC_3.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_UFA_10-063_ZICGC_3.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in UFA 10-063_ZICGC3]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01848"></span>Beukou, B., Sombambo, M., Nzooh, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Hessana, D., Sebogo, L., & Mengamenya, A. (2019). Dynamique des populations de grands et moyens mammiferes dans le segment Cameroun du paysage Tri-National dela Sangha. WWF Report and MINFOP.

<span id="R02331"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2024-11-25 10:07:00

UFA 10-012 ZIC30

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:24 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > UFA 10-012_ZIC30 '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=..."

New page

[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[UFA 10-012_ZIC30]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_10-012_ZIC30?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.523267, 15.827954~[[UFA 10-012_ZIC30]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>

= Site characteristics =

UFA 10-012 / ZIC 30, part of the Tri-National de la Sangha (TNS) UNESCO World Heritage site, harbors endangered species like gorillas and elephants. Its forests are ecologically vital as carbon sinks and culturally significant to local communities. Research supports conservation strategies addressing habitat loss and hunting ([[#R01847|Beukou et al., 2019]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|745.04 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 2.523267 , Lon: 15.827954
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession and community managed hunting interest zone
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Shared governance
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|1.82 (1.25-2.65)
|1,358 (933-1,977)
|UFA 10-012_ZIC30 (745 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|2.28 (1.64-3.19)
|1,703 (1,221-2,375)
|UFA 10-012_ZIC30 (745 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|2.06 (1.42-2.95)
|1,524 (1,058-2,197)
|UFA 10-012_ZIC30 (745 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|2.07 (1.41-3.03)
|1,544 (1,055-2,261)
|UFA 10-012_ZIC30 (745 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Intensified poaching due to increased access from logging activities and the spread of hunting zones in the periphery ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]). Increased sport hunting pressure in the periphery of the zone, particularly affecting large mammal populations ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging activities contribute to habitat fragmentation and increased human access, leading to more poaching and disturbances in ape habitats ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Increased conflict and poaching pressures in areas bordering the Central African Republic, particularly due to the illegal circulation of arms ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Regular patrols to reduce poaching and illegal hunting, supported by local and military teams ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|Faro Lobéké, World Wildlife Fund, Local authorities, ,
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.6 Regularly de-activate/remove ground snares
|Regular monitoring and removal of snares to prevent accidental injuries to apes and other wildlife ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|Faro Lobéké, World Wildlife Fund, Local Community Rangers
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Environmental education programs to involve local communities in the management of ape populations and ecosystems ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|World Wildlife Fund, Local authorities, Community Leaders
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.5 Demarcate and enforce boundaries of protected areas
|Marking boundaries of the ZIC to minimize illegal encroachment, ensuring sustainable use of resources ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|World Wildlife Fund, Minitry of Forestry and Wildlife
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|Engage communities through eco-tourism and sustainable forest management programs, offering economic alternatives ([[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|Worldwildlife Fund, Local Authorities, International Donors
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.7 Lack of infrastructure
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.2 Insecurity
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.2 Effective coordination
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Strong government support
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Research activities are conducted in UFA 10-012 / ZIC 30, focusing on wildlife monitoring, including elephants and great apes, and assessing human pressures like hunting. These efforts, led by the WWF Jengi-TNS program in collaboration with MINFOF, utilize methods like distance sampling to guide conservation strategies, [[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]].

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Nest Building
|
|
|
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Feeding patterns
|
|
|
|[[#R01847|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02330|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02330|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.7
|26
|25.9
|26.3
|27.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1523
|1520
|1567
|1583
|1572
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|23.3
|22.3
|23.6
|18.8
|22.8
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.6
|9.9
|11.4
|10.9
|12.7
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 10-012_ZIC30'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|13
|0
|6
|0
|13
|0
|17
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|25
|-
|Heatwave
|4
|50
|3
|100
|4
|100
|10.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0.75
|0.34
|0.5
|0
|1
|0.05
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.65
|30
|0.76
|29
|0.58
|29
|0.65
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_UFA_10-012_ZIC_30.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in UFA 10-012_ZIC30]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_UFA_10-012_ZIC_30.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in UFA 10-012_ZIC30]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01847"></span>Beukou, B., Sombambo, M., Nzooh, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Hessana, D., Sebogo, L., & Mengamenya, A. (2019). Dynamique des populations de grands et moyens mammiferes dans le segment Cameroun du paysage Tri-National dela Sangha. WWF Report and MINFOP.

<span id="R02330"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2024-11-30 08:36:00

UFA 10-011 ZICGC1

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:24 GMT

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.394262, 15.586090~[[UFA 10-011_ZICGC1]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1.
* The great ape population was estimated at 1,841 individuals (95% CI: 1,196–2,834) in 2018.
* Both populations were stable between 2015 and 2018.

= Site characteristics =

UFA 10-011_ZICGC1, is part of the TNS (Tri-National de la Sangha) landscape, a UNESCO World Heritage site known for its exceptional biodiversity. It hosts a range of endangered and endemic species, including the western lowland gorilla and chimpanzee, both of which are critical species in conservation efforts. The area’s ecological importance lies in its dense tropical forests, which act as a significant carbon sink and support high levels of biodiversity. The site is rich in cultural value, with local communities relying on the forest for sustainable resources, though conservation efforts aim to reduce pressure from hunting and land encroachment. Special designations include its role as part of a larger transboundary conservation initiative, promoting cross-border cooperation between Cameroon, Congo, and the Central African Republic ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|553.09 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 2.394262 , Lon: 15.586090
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession and community managed hunting interest zone
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|2.05 (1.16-3.62)
|1,136 (645-2,001)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2018
|
|
|3.33 (2.16-5.12)
|1,841 (1,196-2,834)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|Results are adjusted for observed nest degradation rates and construction rates derived from other study regions.
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|1.99 (1.31-3.01)
|1,100 (726-1,666)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2015
|
|
|2.18 (1.48-3.21)
|1,207 (820-1,776)
|UFA 10-011/ZICGC1 (553.09 km²)
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with survey specific decay time
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]], WWF Cameroon
|
|CMR0058, CMR0128<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+5 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0132, CMR0135, CMR0138, CMR0150, CMR0153</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|Artisanal mining activities cause localized habitat degradation and disturbance to wildlife, including apes ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Presence of logging roads facilitates access for illegal hunters and expands human activities in the forest ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Increased poaching for bushmeat and incidental targeting of apes, exacerbated by the availability of firearms ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging activities in the concession areas lead to habitat degradation and fragmentation, increasing access for hunters ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|9 Pollution
|9.3 Agricultural & forestry effluents
|Present (unknown severity)
|Expansion of agricultural activities by local communities near the forest edges leads to encroachment into ape habitats ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|2010-Ongoing (2018
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|Periodic ecological surveys, including population monitoring of great apes and other key species, to inform conservation strategies and track progress ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, TNS research teams
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|Development of income-generating micro-projects, including alternative protein sources, to reduce dependence on bushmeat and mitigate habitat destruction ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, local development agencies
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Regular patrols conducted by eco-guards and local trackers to reduce illegal hunting and poaching activities in the area ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF Jengi-TNS Program
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.8 Provide training to anti-poaching ranger patrols
|Training programs for eco-guards to improve efficiency and enhance the operational capacity of surveillance teams ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, Cameroon Ministry of Forestry
|2014-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Awareness campaigns and training sessions aimed at educating local communities on biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|WWF, local NGOs
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Engagement with local communities to promote sustainable wildlife management practices, including hunting regulation and monitoring of faunal populations ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]).
|Local authorities, WWF
|2007-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|5 Ecological context
|5.1 Ecological constraints (e.g., susceptibility to climate change, difficult terrain)
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.2 Insecurity
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2015-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.1 Effective leadership
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|1 Site management
|1.3 Adaptive management practices
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2005-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2007-Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Effective legislation and law enforcement
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|2010-Ongoing (2018)
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

The primary focus of research at the site includes ecological monitoring, biodiversity assessments, and the monitoring of key species including gorillas and chimpanzees. These activities are part of larger efforts to track population dynamics, habitat health, and threats to wildlife, such as poaching and habitat destruction.The research is primarily driven by WWF, with support from various academic and conservation partners. Field surveys, including distance sampling and habitat surveys, are regularly conducted to gather data on species density and distribution. Additionally, long-term monitoring is implemented to track the effectiveness of conservation strategies and to adapt management practices accordingly. WWF's Jengi-TNS program is heavily involved in these efforts, with collaboration from local institutions and international research teams. The research activities are crucial for informing adaptive management strategies and ensuring the effectiveness of conservation interventions ([[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]). The scientific references in the document, such as Beuko et al. (2019), highlight the ongoing efforts to monitor and assess biodiversity within the area and provide evidence for the development of more effective conservation policies.

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Nut cracking, for Chimpanzees
|
|
|
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Nest building for Gorillas
|
|
|
|[[#R01846|Beukou et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02329|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02329|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.6
|26
|25.9
|26.2
|27.3
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1435
|1437
|1477
|1500
|1478
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|27.6
|22.6
|23.6
|18.5
|22.7
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.6
|8.3
|9.2
|8.5
|10.2
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|13.5
|0.02
|8
|0.02
|15.5
|0.02
|21.5
|0.02
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.25
|25
|-
|Heatwave
|4.5
|100
|3.5
|100
|4.5
|100
|10
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.25
|0
|0.75
|0.02
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.84
|30
|0.79
|29
|0.66
|29
|0.65
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_UFA_10-011_ZICGC_1.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_UFA_10-011_ZICGC_1.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in UFA 10-011_ZICGC1]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01846"></span>Beukou, B., Sombambo, M., Nzooh, Z., N'Goran, K. P., Hessana, D., Sebogo, L., & Mengamenya, A. (2019). Dynamique des populations de grands et moyens mammiferes dans le segment Cameroun du paysage Tri-National dela Sangha. WWF Report and MINFOP.

<span id="R02329"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2024-11-27 14:35:00

UFA 09-024

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:23 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > UFA 09-024 '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Españ..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[UFA 09-024]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/UFA_09-024?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|2.2498,10.4144~[[UFA 09-024]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in UFA 09-02.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.

= Site characteristics =

'''Table 1. Basic site information for UFA 09-024'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|747.62 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 2.2498 , Lon: 10.4144
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Private governance
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for UFA 09-024'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2020
|
|0.116
|0.038 (0.018-0.082)
|28 (13-61)
|UFA 09-024
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2020
|
|0.116
|
|
|UFA 09-024
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|Density and abundance of gorillas could not be estimated due to insuffisence of gorilla nests
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2020
|
|0.064 (0.03-1.39)
|
|49 (23-104)
|UFA 09-024
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|1.64
|0.01 (0.003-0.04)
|9.0
|UFA 09-024
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2014
|
|1.64
|0.34 (0.22-0.54)
|257 (163-408)
|UFA 09-024
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'' & ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2014
|
|0.52 (0.34-0.78)
|
|389 (257-587)
|UFA 09-024
|Line transects
|Distance sampling
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for UFA 09-024'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.2 Commercial & industrial areas
|Present (unknown severity)
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|2014-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|2014-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|2014-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.2 Commercial logging
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|2014-Ongoing (2020)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for UFA 09-024'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01845|Beukou Choumbou et al. 2021]]
|2014-2020
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for UFA 09-024'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02328|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02328|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in UFA 09-024'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|24.8
|25.9
|25.8
|26.1
|27.1
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2742
|2836
|2879
|2914
|2937
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|16.7
|8.5
|8.8
|7
|12
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.8
|7.5
|7.8
|8.4
|9.4
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in UFA 09-024'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|7.5
|0
|5.5
|0
|5.5
|0
|21.5
|0
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|8
|53.95
|7.5
|58.33
|11.5
|56.25
|18.5
|63.29
|-
|River flood
|2
|1.55
|2.5
|2.39
|1.5
|1.3
|5
|0.36
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|26.75
|0.17
|28
|0.2
|25.75
|0.15
|28
|0.22
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_UFA_09-024.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in UFA 09-024]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_UFA_09-024.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in UFA 09-024]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01845"></span>Beukou Choumbou, G. B., Nzooch Dongmo, Z. L., Sombambo, M., Njal Njock, S., Mbiapa Tchoumi, T., Ekane, H., Mounga Abana, A., Nzitouo, U., Sambou Mambala, P., & N'Goran, K. P. (2021). Dynamique de la population des grands et moyens mammifères dans le PN de Campo Maan et sa zone périphérique.WWF Report

<span id="R02328"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Tene Sop''' Date:''' 2024-11-30 14:23:00

'''Page updated by: '''Onella Mundi''' Date:''' 2025-10-10

Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:23 GMT

Created page with "East Africa > Uganda > Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildl..."

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[[East Africa]] > [[Uganda]] > [[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Toro-Semliki_Wildlife_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|0.89722, 30.36333~[[Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''}}</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'') are present in Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve.
* The population size was estimated at approximately 66 individuals in 1999.
* The population trend is unknown.

= Site characteristics =

Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve is situated in western Uganda, spanning Ntoroko and Kabarole districts and covering 548 km² ([[#R01839|Samson 2012]]). Originally established as a game reserve in 1926, its primary purpose was to protect the large Uganda kob populations in the area ([[#R01832|Lamprey & Michelmore 1996]]). Positioned within a Rift Valley landscape, the reserve is flanked by the Rwenzori Mountains, Kijura Escarpment, and Lake Albert, with an altitude starting at approximately 700 meters above sea level. The reserve's dominant vegetation consists of open acacia-combretum woodland and grassy savanna, interspersed with Borassus palm forests, riparian woodlands along watercourses, and extensive swamps near Lake Albert ([[#R01831|Hunt & McGrew 2002]]). The main riverine canopy tree is Ugandan ironwood (''Cynometra alexandri''), followed by ''Millettia dura'' and ''Kigelia africana'', with an understory primarily made up of ''Beilschmiedia ugandensis'' ([[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]; SCP records).
The reserve supports a diverse array of wildlife, including elephants, buffaloes, Uganda kobs, waterbucks, warthogs, giant forest hogs, and hippopotamuses. It also boasts over 462 bird species and is home to various primates, including chimpanzees, baboons, vervet monkeys, red-tailed monkeys, and black-and-white colobus monkeys ([[#R01840|UWA 2019]]). Four main communities surround the reserve: Karugutu-Kyabandara, Rwebisengo, Ntoroko fishing community, and Kasesenge-Kyakabaseke ([[#R01840|UWA 2019]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|-
|Area
|548 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 0.89722 , Lon: 30.36333
|-
|Type of site
|Conservation area
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Savanna, Shrubland, Grassland
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

There are three known chimpanzee communities in the reserve ([[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]): Mugiri community with roughly 150 chimpanzees; Nyabaroga community, which is speculated to be relatively safe and supporting about 50 individuals; and Muzizi community, where pant-hoots and chimp nests were observed in Muzizi River forest several times between 1996 and 1997. However subsequent visits to the same area in 2008, showed this forest block had disappeared due to illegal logging, so the status of chimpanzees here is unknown.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|1999
|Present
|
|
|66.06 (40-90)
|Toro Semliki WR
|Line transects
|Distance sampling (decay time unknown)
|[[#R01838|Plumptre, Cox & Mugume 2003]]
|Survey classified site as a low density site. Only 60 nest building chimpanzees were estimated by study.
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
|Present (unknown severity)
|Sensitivity of habitats to climate variability, rainfall variations affecting frequency and intensity of fires ([[#R01836|Patrick et al., 2012]])

Chimpanzees live in a relatively dry habitat affected by periodic droughts causing drying up of water points ([[#R01841|UWA,2020]])
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Present (unknown severity)
|The range of the Mugiri chimpanzees is limited to the northeast by tea estates ([[#R01839|Samson 2012]]). Tea plantations have increased in coverage ([[#R01836|Patrick et al.2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1.2 Small-holder farming
|Present (unknown severity)
|Peasant holdings at the top of the escarpment ([[#R01839|Samson 2012]]).
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.1 Oil & gas drilling
|Present (unknown severity)
|Since 1997 seismic surveys in the reserve and outside the reserve are reported.
|1997-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1.2 Unintentional effects
|Present (unknown severity)
|Unintentional effect on chimpanzees. Poaching by organized groups particularly from Congo using snares, dogs, automatic weapons, spears ([[#R01836|Patrick et al. 2012]])
|1978-Ongoing (2024)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.1 Subsistence logging
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal logging for charcoal burning ([[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]).
|1996-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.2 Commercial logging
|Present (unknown severity)
|The Muzizi River forest block disappeared by 2008 due to deforestation from illegal logging ([[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]).
|1996-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Present (unknown severity)
|Political instability involving Allied Democratic Front ADF counter response by Uganda Peoples Defense Force UPDF, with activities such as gunfire disrupt ranges of chimpanzees. Started around 1997 and peaked in 2000 ([[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]; [[#R01836|Patrick et al. 2012]]; [[#R01829|Edroma et al. 1997]]).
|1997-2000
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|WCS secured support through the USAID WILD project to work with communities next to the Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve. The aim was to reduce pressure on natural resources and elicit community support for conservation efforts. This is done through engaging environmentally friendly tourism-related enterprises such as beekeeping, art and crafts, music, dance and drama to generate income.
|Wildlife Conservation Society, USAID WILD project, Uganda Wildlife Authority
|Ongoing (2007)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Increased patrol efforts and improved report by communities to curb poaching.
|Uganda Wildlife Authority
|Ongoing (2012)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Project takes in locals as volunteers and also employ local stuff to work as field assistants ([[#R01830|Hunt & Lee, 2020]]).
|Semliki Chimpanzee Project
|1996-Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.1 Create buffer zones around protected ape habitat
|Management zones were created which include; Tourism, Administrative and Wilderness zones ([[#R01841|UWA, 2020]]). Wilderness zones are established to protect critical habitat for endangered and vulnerable species such as chimpanzees.
|Uganda Wildlife Authority
|Ongoing (2020)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Proposal to elevate status from Wildlife reserve to National Park, so as to afford more protection to area. Currently it is classified as a wildlife reserve.
|Uganda Wildlife Authority and Uganda government
|1926-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|2020
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|[[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]; [[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|2012
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|[[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]; [[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|2012
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.5 Lack of equipment/transportation
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|2020
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.1 General lack of community engagement or support
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|2020
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01830|Hunt & Lee 2020]]: [[#R01836|Patrick et al. 2012]]
|2012
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
|[[#R01836|Patrick et al. 2012]]
|1997
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Sufficient staff
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Sufficient funding
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.2 Strong government support
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|
|-
|
|Other (Elevate status from Wildlife reserve to National Park))
|[[#R01841|UWA 2020]]
|2020
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

Researchers from the University of Indiana have been studying chimpanzees in the riverine forest at Mugiri under The Semliki Chimpanzee Project, founded in 1996.

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Selective insectivory
|
|
|
|[[#R01844|Webster et al. 2014]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Well digging
|
|
|
|[[#R01834|McGrew et al. 2007]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Coprophagy
|
|
|
|[[#R01837|Payne et al. 2008]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Grooming Hand-Clasp
|
|
|
|Webster et al. 2019
|
|
|
|-
|
|Chimpanzee nesting (morphology and ecology of arboreal sleeping platforms)
|
|
|
|[[#R01839|Samson 2012]]
|
|
|
|-
|
|Chimpanzee pith folding
|
|
|
|[[#R01833|McGrew & Hunt 2011]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01829"></span>Edroma, E., Rosen, N., & Miller, P. (Eds.). (1997). Conserving the chimpanzees of Uganda: Population and habitat viability assessment for Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN.

<span id="R01830"></span>Hunt, K. D., & Lee, G. J. (2020). The Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve. Semliki Chimpanzee Project, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, United States. https://semliki.sitehost.iu.edu/

<span id="R01831"></span>Hunt, K. D., & McGrew, W. C. (2002). Chimpanzees in the dry habitats of Assirik, Senegal and Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. In ''Behavioural Diversity in Chimpanzees and Bonobos'' (pp. 35-51). Cambridge University Press. [https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511606397.005 doi:10.1017/cbo9780511606397.005]

<span id="R01832"></span>Lamprey, R. H., & Michelmore, F. (1996). The wildlife protected areas of Uganda: Preliminary aerial survey results and their assessment plus initial recommendations. Ministry of Tourism, Wildlife, and Antiquities.

<span id="R01833"></span>McGrew, W. C., & Hunt, K. D. (2011). Chimpanzee Pith-Folding at Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. ''Pan Africa News'', 18(2), 15-18. [https://doi.org/10.5134/152163 doi:10.5134/152163]

<span id="R01834"></span>McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., & Hunt, K. D. (2007). Etho-Archaeology of Manual Laterality: Well Digging by Wild Chimpanzees. ''Folia Primatologica'', 78(4), 240-244. [https://doi.org/10.1159/000102319 doi:10.1159/000102319]

<span id="R01835"></span>McLennan, M. R. (2011). Preliminary Observations of Hand-Clasp Grooming by Chimpanzees at Bulindi, Uganda. ''Pan Africa News'', 18(2), 18-20. [https://doi.org/10.5134/152162 doi:10.5134/152162]

<span id="R01836"></span>Patrick, R., Patrick, D., & Hunt, K. D. (2012). Long-term changes at Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve. In D. J. McC. (Ed.), Long-term changes in Africa’s Rift Valley (pp. 56–69).

<span id="R01837"></span>Payne, C. L. R., Webster, T. H., & Hunt, K. D. (2008). Coprophagy by the semi-habituated chimpanzees of Semliki, Uganda. ''Pan Africa News'', 15(2), 29-32. [https://doi.org/10.5134/143493 doi:10.5134/143493]

<span id="R01838"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Cox, D., & Mugume, S. (2003). The status of chimpanzees in Uganda. Albertine Rift Technical Report Series No. 2. Wildlife Conservation Society. [http://programs.wcs.org/portals/49/media/file/AR_Tech_Rpt_2_Uganda_Chimps.PDF link]

<span id="R01839"></span>Samson, D. R. (2012). The chimpanzee nest quantified: morphology and ecology of arboreal sleeping platforms within the dry habitat site of Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. ''Primates'', 53(4), 357-364. [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-012-0310-x doi:10.1007/s10329-012-0310-x]

<span id="R01840"></span>Uganda Wildlife Authority. (2019). Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve. https://ugandawildlife.org/wildlifereserves/toro-semliki/

<span id="R01841"></span>Uganda Wildlife Authority. (2020). Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve general management plan 2020/21–2029/30. Kampala, Uganda.

<span id="R01842"></span>WCS. (2021). Human livelihoods. https://programs.wcs.org/uganda/Initiatives/Human-Livelihoods.aspx

<span id="R01843"></span>Webster, T. H., Hodson, P. R., & Hunt, K. D. (2009). Grooming Hand-Clasp by Chimpanzees of the Mugiri Community, Toro-Semliki Wildlife Reserve, Uganda. ''Pan Africa News'', 16(1), 5-7. [https://doi.org/10.5134/143502 doi:10.5134/143502]

<span id="R01844"></span>Webster, T. H., McGrew, W. C., Marchant, L. F., Payne, C. L. R., & Hunt, K. D. (2014). Selective insectivory at Toro-Semliki, Uganda: Comparative analyses suggest no ‘savanna’ chimpanzee pattern. ''Journal of Human Evolution'', 71, 20-27. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.005 doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2014.02.005]

'''Page created by: '''Steven Joel Basiibye''' Date:''' 2024-11-01

Tonkoli Forest Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:22 GMT

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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Tonkoli Forest Reserve]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.885335, -11.493043~[[Tonkoli Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Tonkoli Forest Reserve.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 71 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are logging, hunting and loss of habitat due to agricultural expansion.
* Conservation activities are not reported.

= Site characteristics =

The site was established as a forest reserve in 1926 ([https://www.protectedplanet.net/8515 WDPA]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|71 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.885335 , Lon: -11.493043
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

During a national survey in 2009, interviews were conducted in 24 communities in and around the Tonkoli Reserve; 8 reported the presence of chimpanzees, and 16 communities reported having no chimpanzees in the vicinity ([[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Several people reported that chimpanzees were present around their community before the war. Based on interviews, they may still be present in the southeastern part of the reserve ([[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2009
|Present
|
|
|
|Tonkoli Forest Reserve
|Interviews
|
|[[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]
|
|SLE0002, SLE0003<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+13 more" data-collapsetext="less">SLE0004, SLE0014, SLE0015, SLE0017, SLE0018, SLE0021, SLE0024, SLE0025, SLE0026, SLE0029, SLE0032, SLE0036, SLE0037</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

The main threats to chimpanzees in the site, as reported by local communities during a 2009 interview survey, include hunting, farming, logging, and civil war (1991-20020). Many people reported that chimpanzees were present before the war, but not seen now for some time. The site was used extensively by rebels during the war. Much of the forest has been damaged or lost as a consequence; chimpanzees have been largely hunted or driven out from the area. In addition, much of the forest has been cleared for agriculture ([[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|A large portion of the forest appears to have been cleared for crops such as rice and pepper ([[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting was reported as a main threat during a 2010 interview survey in the area ([[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging and subsequent agricultural activities have severely degraded the forest. A logging company appears to have a concession inside the reserve ([[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The decline in chimpanzee population was noticeable to local communities as a result of war and increased severity of related threats, such as hunting and logging ([[#R01828|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|1991-2002
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is a forest reserve.
|
|1926-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02327|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02327|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.6
|26.8
|26.6
|26.8
|28
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2263
|2210
|2281
|2278
|2344
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|34.3
|37.6
|38.5
|41.3
|42.5
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.6
|5.9
|5.9
|6.2
|7.4
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Tonkoli Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|5
|0.15
|3.5
|0.15
|4.5
|0.15
|8.5
|0.35
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|8.5
|100
|7.5
|100
|9.5
|100
|8
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0.5
|1.07
|0.5
|2.08
|2
|2.6
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|2.46
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.55
|30
|0.55
|29
|0.57
|29
|0.57
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Tonkoli Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tonkoli_FR.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Tonkoli Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01828"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]

<span id="R02327"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2023-11-16

Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:22 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary Cite as: Akongte, P. (2023) Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/inde..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary]]

Cite as: Akongte, P. (2023) Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tofala_Hill_Wildlife_Sanctuary?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|5.662902, 9.908394~[[Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary]]~''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''}}</div>
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') & Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are present in Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary.
* It has been estimated that only 2-4 gorillas and at least 200 chimpanzees inhabit the site.
* The gorilla population trend is decreasing; the chimpanzee population trend is estimated to be increasing since 2019.
* The site has a total size of 80.87 km².
* Key threats to great apes are poaching, expansion of farmlands and human-wildlife conflicts.
* Conservation activities have focused on anti-poaching patrols, providing alternative sources of income to reduce pressure on forest and wildlife.

= Site characteristics =

The site is located in the Lebialem Highlands, in southwestern Cameroon. The site lies 40 km away from [[Mone River Forest Reserve]]. There are steep mountains rising from the western edge of the reserve to the eastern side of the area; elevation varies from 250 m around the villages of Besali and Bechati in the west, to 1,900 m in Fossimondi in the east. The vegetation is mainly tropical rainforest, changing into montane forest above 1,400 m, and above 1,800 m there is anthropogenic grassland ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti'', ''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|-
|Area
|80.87 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 5.662902 , Lon: 9.908394
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1VNYuUaWnPo|330x220|inline}}

Ornithologists discovered the population of Cross River gorillas at the site in 2004. At the time, it was estimated that between 20 and 30 individuals were living in the sanctuary. Among the 14 Cross River gorilla subpopulations, the Tofala population is the only one about which no scientific data have been available, and the anthropogenic pressure exerted upon the gorillas living in the examined area is very high because there are ten villages adjacent to the area. Based on surveys conducted in 2014, 2015 and 2016, gorillas avoid the southern part of the reserve, since there is not much forest left; also the northern area of the sanctuary showed no signs of gorillas. All signs of gorillas were found in the central part of the sanctuary, in an area of 6.5 km² ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]).

A three-month camera trap survey was conducted from January to April 2016 to calculate the population size and density of gorillas at the site. No gorilla was recorded while the cameras were in the field for 76 days. Using the program "Presence", a population size of only two to four gorillas was estimated, and a density of 0.03 gorillas per km². The estimates seem to be realistic because the maximum nest group size was three nests and because no camera trap was able to picture a gorilla during the survey period. There have been three very short direct observations of gorillas by the guides and volunteers in 2014 and 2015; they saw one or two gorillas at these sightings ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]).

In 2018, a large group of 20 chimpanzees was caught on camera trap footage ([[#R01825|Haas 2018]]). The number of chimpanzees is growing as a result of increased birth rate and a possible influx of individuals from the Mone Forest Reserve ([[#R01825|Haas 2018]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|2017-2018
|Present
|
|
|
|Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R01827|Njukang et al. 2019]]
|Survey effort 47 km. 66 arboreal nests and 21 ground nests in the sampled area. 16 nest sites recorded. Direct observation of 6 chimpanzees.
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|2014-2016
|
|
|0.03
|45692.0
|Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

Illegal farming and poaching are major threats inside the forest. In 2014, 42 gun shells were found on 5 expeditions. In 2015 there was a decrease in hunting with rifles with only 20 gun shells found in the same area, but at the same time hunting with snares increased from 40 snares found in 2014 to 55 snare traps in 2015. Most local hunters do not shoot gorillas because of traditional beliefs of the people who are living west of Tofala Hill. However, some hunters from the highlands on the eastern side of the sanctuary do not share that view. In March 2013, a silverback left the site and was killed by an angry crowd of people near a village ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]).

Farming has been another problem in Tofala. Before the area became protected, people were establishing new farms inside the forest at very high rates, using the slash and burn method to transform the rainforest into farmland. Since January 2014, at least 77 new farms were created within the reserve, with an average size of 1.8 ha. Most of the farms were located close to the communities, but people are starting to make their farms deeper and deeper inside the forest, so that even the most remote areas of the sanctuary are affected by farming. Many farmers do not know the site’s boundaries, as they are unmarked ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Agricultural encroachment ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]], [[#R01827|Njukang et al. 2019]]). Heavy deforestation caused by agricultural encroachment and militia occupancy for shelter, cooking, and defensive structures ([[#R02099|Sunday 2026]]; [[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]).
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting, especially with snares ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]], [[#R01827|Njukang et al. 2019]]). Poaching reported with continuous intrusion, particularly from the North of the sanctuary, decimating the population and habitat ([[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]).
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Harvesting of eru (''Gnetum africanum'') and Njangsa (''Ricinodendron heudelotii'') (Akongte, P. pers. comm. 2023).
|Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Logging in the low altitude areas of the sanctuary, avoided by gorillas ([[#R01827|Njukang et al. 2019]]).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.3 Other human disturbances
|Present (unknown severity)
|Due to habitat fragmentation and isolation, the Tofala sub-population of great apes is increasingly isolated from the main population by 27 km to over 30 km, risking its long-term biological and genetic survival ([[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]).
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|The war crises which started in 2016 and concentrated in the Lebialem Highlands; acts as a "treble blow" by causing existing conservation donors to pull out and drastically cutting funding ([[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]; [[#R02099|Sunday 2026]]).
|2016-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

The African Conservation Foundation (ACF) and Environment and Rural Development Foundation ([[#R02068|ERuDeF]]), in collaboration with the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife (MINFOF-Cameroon), have been working to conserve the last great apes populations in the Lebialem Highlands since 2004. This collaboration led to creating the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary in 2014 ([[#R01825|Haas 2018]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.14 Employ hunters in the conservation sector to reduce their impact
|Employ hunters as rangers ([[#R01825|Haas 2018]]).
|
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Monthly surveillance and patrols ([[#R01825|Haas 2018]]).
|
|Ongoing (2018)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|Education and awareness raising through group discussions and questionnaires (Akongte, P. pers. comm. 2023).
|
|2018-2019
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The wildlife sanctuary was established in 2014.
|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF), and Government of Cameroon
|2014-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.4 Create natural habitat patches (including corridors)
|Establishment of a biological corridor to secure a vital migration pathway linking the Tofala sub-population to the Takamanda sub-population ([[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]).
|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF), and Government of Cameroon
|Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|The 2.5M Tree Reforestation Project: Initiating a large-scale reforestation campaign to contain, reduce, and eventually halt agricultural encroachment, deforestation, and habitat degradation ([[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]).
|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF), and Government of Cameroon
|Ongoing (2026)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|As part of ERuDeFs’ Livelihood and Economic Development Program. Communities have been trained and given start-up capital to begin the production of medicated soap and detergent ([[#R02068|ERuDeF]]).
|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF)
|2014-2015
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|The CRG Alliance was established to build a community-led movement and a network of local organizations with the operational capacity to reduce human pressure, empower local people, thereby stabilizing and eventually doubling the CRG members over the next 25 years ([[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]).
|Environment and Rural Development Foundation (ERuDeF)
|Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

Due to political conflict, the site has been difficult to assess since 2018 and patrols have been slowed down drastically (Akongte, P. pers. comm. 2023).

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|Akongte P., pers. comm. 2023
|2023-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|4.1 Lack of law enforcement
|[[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]
|2017-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
|Akongte P., pers. comm. 2023
|2023-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|[[#R01824|ERuDeF 2026]]
|Ongoing (2026)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

The local NGO [[#R02068|ERuDeF]] (Environmental and Rural Development Foundation) and Dschang University conduct research in the area. Surveys between 2014-2016 found that different factors affect the nest site choice of gorillas. Gorillas preferred to build their nests on steep slopes, with an angle of more than 45°. 74 % (22 nests) were built on steep slopes, 23 % (7 nests) were found at moderate slopes (25-45°) and only one nest was made in a flat area (3 %). Steep slopes protect the gorillas from getting surprised by poachers, who mostly hunt during the night. The diet of gorillas at the site consists of terrestrial herbaceous plants (61.5 % of all feeding signs); fruits constituted 22.5 %, and leaves were consumed in 16 % of all feeding cases ([[#R01826|Linnarz 2017]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Ground nests
|
|
|
|[[#R01827|Njukang et al. 2019]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01824"></span>ERuDeF. (2026, May 13). Cross River Gorilla Conservation Program: Reconnecting fragmented populations. https://erudef.org/cross-river-gorilla-conservation-program-reconnecting-fragmented-populations/

<span id="R01825"></span>Haas, A. (2018, July 17). Large groups of Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees captured on camera trap footage in Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary. https://africanconservation.org/large-groups-of-nigeria-cameroon-chimpanzees-captured-on-camera-trap-footage-in-tofala-hill-wildlife-sanctuary/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20230330055255/https://africanconservation.org/large-groups-of-nigeria-cameroon-chimpanzees-captured-on-camera-trap-footage-in-tofala-hill-wildlife-sanctuary/ link]

<span id="R01826"></span>Linnarz, S. (2017) Survey of the Cross River Gorilla at the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary in Cameroon. Gorilla Journal no. 54, June 2017. Online: https://www.berggorilla.org/en/gorillas/general/ecology/articles-ecology/survey-of-the-cross-river-gorilla-at-the-tofala-hill-wildlife-sanctuary-in-cameroon/

<span id="R01827"></span>Njukang, A. P., Angwafor, T. E., Akwanjoh, S. R., & Lebga, A. K. (2019). Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on Chimpanzee Nest Location in the Tofala Hill Wildlife Sanctuary (THWS), South West Region, Cameroon. ''International Journal of Forest, Animal and Fisheries Research'', 3(1), 1-9. [https://doi.org/10.22161/ijfaf.3.6.1 doi:10.22161/ijfaf.3.6.1]

<span id="R02099"></span>Sunday, O. (2026, March 3). Cameroon's decade of conflict leaves apes and conservationists in peril. Mongabay. https://news.mongabay.com/2026/03/cameroons-decade-of-conflict-leaves-apes-and-conservationists-in-peril/

<span id="R02068"></span>ERuDeF. https://erudef.org/tofala-hill-wildlife-sanctuary/

'''Page created by: '''Peter Akongte''' Date:''' 2023-06-19

'''Page updated by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2026-07-11

Tiwai Island

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:21 GMT

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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Tiwai Island]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|7.54, -11.35~[[Tiwai Island]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Tiwai Island.
* The population size is unknown.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 12 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat disturbance and hunting.
* Ecotourism and research activities are the main components of the conservation work carried out at the site.

= Site characteristics =

[http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/ Tiwai island] is located in the Moa River, to the north of Gola Rainforest National Park’s western block. Tiwai Island was declared a wildlife sanctuary in 1987 and it is managed by an administrative committee representing government, local communities, environmental organizations, and academic institutions ([[#R01816|Klop et al. 2008]]). Over 700 plant species and 170 bird species have been identified on the island ([[#R01816|Klop et al. 2008]]). The island has a remarkable concentration of primate species ([http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/wildlife/tiwai-biodiversity/ 11 in total]), and is also home to the endemic pygmy hippopotamus, and hundreds of bird species.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|12 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 7.54 , Lon: -11.35
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Wildlife Sanctuary)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

The site was surveyed in 2009, but abundance estimates are not publicly available ([[#R01814|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2006-2007
|Present
|
|
|
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01816|Klop et al. 2008]]
|Only presence confirmed
|LBR0012, SLE0011
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1994
|Present
|
|
|
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01815|Fimbel 1994]]
|22 sightings of individual chimpanzees
|
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|1988
|Present
|
|
|
|Tiwai Island
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01823|Whitesides et al. 1988]]
|sighting of one group
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Farms were routinely established until 1982, when research activities started on the island, and the number of farm plots was limited ([[#R01815|Fimbel 1994]]). Hunting intensity was also high on the island previous to the commencement of research activities ([[#R01819|Oates 1999]]; [[#R01815|Fimbel 1994]]). Research and conservation activities were disrupted during the years of civil war ([[#R01819|Oates 1999]]) but resumed in 2004.

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Farming activities largely stopped in the 1980s ([[#R01816|Klop et al. 2008]], [[#R01815|Fimbel 1994]]), but limited forest-product harvesting is permitted under current management ([[#R01820|Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019]]).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|Present (unknown severity)
|Hunting on the island was banned when research activities began ([[#R01815|Fimbel 1994]]), but might still be ongoing ([[#R01817|Lincoln et al. 2016]]).
|Ongoing (2016)
|-
|6 Human intrusions & disturbance
|6.2 War, civil unrest & military exercises
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Conservation and research activities came to a halt during the 10 years of civil war in Sierra Leone ([[#R01818|Lindsell et al. 2011]], [[#R01819|Oates 1999]]).
|1991-2001
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

Starting as a research site in the 1980s ([[#R01819|Oates 1999]]), the island continues to rely on research and tourism as the key components of conservation efforts. Tiwai Island is Sierra Leone’s first [http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/ community conservation program]. Tourist facilities and a research center are present at the site.

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site was designated as wildlife sanctuary in 1987 ([[#R01820|Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019]])
|
|1987-Ongoing (2019)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.1 Run research project and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Research center at the site administered by Njala university, Hunter College, and the university of Miami ([[#R01820|Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary 2019]])
|
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Tourist facilities are present in the island ([[#R01816|Klop et al. 2008]])
|
|Ongoing (2008)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

Ecological research began in the early 1980s, focusing on the behavioral ecology of olive colobus monkeys ([[#R01816|Klop et al. 2008]]).

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Nut cracking
|
|
|
|[[#R01822|Whitesides 1985]]
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02326|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02326|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|26.3
|27.4
|27.4
|27.4
|28.6
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2309
|2259
|2334
|2306
|2333
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|36.9
|36.1
|32.4
|31
|36.6
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6
|6.5
|6.4
|6.7
|8.1
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Tiwai Island'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|3
|0.22
|3
|0.22
|3
|0.22
|6
|0.22
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|8
|100
|8.5
|100
|10
|100
|10.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1
|0.1
|1
|1.17
|1
|2.67
|4.5
|2.61
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|2.05
|0.5
|3.83
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.5
|30
|0.49
|29
|0.51
|29
|0.5
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Tiwai Island]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tiwai_Island.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Tiwai Island]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01814"></span>Brncic TM, Amarasekaran B & McKenna A. 2010. Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]

<span id="R01815"></span>Fimbel, C. (1994). The relative use of abandoned farm clearings and old forest habitats by primates and a forest antelope at Tiwai, Sierra leone, West Africa. ''Biological Conservation'', 70(3), 277-286. [https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(94)90173-2 doi:10.1016/0006-3207(94)90173-2]

<span id="R01816"></span>Klop E, Lindsell JA & Siaka A. 2008. Biodiversity of Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. Unpublished Report. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK, and Conservation Society of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20260825215338/https://golarainforest.org/ link]

<span id="R01817"></span>Lincoln R. Larson, April L. Conway, Sonia M. Hernandez and John P. Carroll (2016) Human-wildlife Conflict, Conservation Attitudes, and a Potential Role for Citizen Science in Sierra Leone, Africa. Conservation & Society, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 205-217. [https://doi.org/10.4103/0972-4923.191159 doi:10.4103/0972-4923.191159]

<span id="R01818"></span>Lindsell, J. A., Klop, E., & Siaka, A. M. (2011). The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West Africa: mammals in Gola Forest, Sierra Leone. ''Oryx'', 45(1), 69-77. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605310000347 doi:10.1017/s0030605310000347]

<span id="R01819"></span>Oates JF. 1999. Myth and Reality in the Rain Forest: How Conservation Strategies Are Failing in West Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. pp. 59-90.

<span id="R01820"></span>Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary. 2019. http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/research/guidelines/ [https://web.archive.org/web/20220519192331/http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/research/guidelines/ link]

<span id="R01821"></span>Tiwai Island Wildlife Sanctuary, official website: http://www.tiwaiisland.org/Site/research/

<span id="R01822"></span>Whitesides, G. H. (1985). Nut cracking by wild chimpanzees in Sierra Leone, West Africa. ''Primates'', 26(1), 91-94. [https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02389050 doi:10.1007/bf02389050]

<span id="R01823"></span>Whitesides, G. H., Oates, J. F., Green, S. M., & Kluberdanz, R. P. (1988). Estimating Primate Densities from Transects in a West African Rain Forest: A Comparison of Techniques. ''The Journal of Animal Ecology'', 57(2), 345. [https://doi.org/10.2307/4910 doi:10.2307/4910]

<span id="R02326"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-09-02

Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:21 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Sierra Leone > Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tingi_Hills_Non-hunting_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tingi_Hills_Non-hunting_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate...."

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[[West Africa]] > [[Sierra Leone]] > [[Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve]]

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tingi_Hills_Non-hunting_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tingi_Hills_Non-hunting_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tingi_Hills_Non-hunting_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tingi_Hills_Non-hunting_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tingi_Hills_Non-hunting_Forest_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|8.92, -10.79~[[Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve.
* It has been estimated that 70 (CI: 22-213) individuals occur at the site.
* The chimpanzee population trend is unknown.
* This site has a total size of 118.85 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are hunting and slash-and-burn agriculture.
* There is a lack of information on conservation interventions implemented at the site.
* The remote area is renowned for its batholiths.

= Site characteristics =

The site is located in eastern Sierra Leone, close to the border with Guinea. It is characterized by steep forested hills, which include the second highest peak in Sierra Leone, the Sankan Biriwa, at 1860 m ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]], [[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]]). The site is an Important Bird Area ([http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/tingi-hills-non-hunting-forest-reserve-iba-sierra-leone IBA]); more than 200 bird species have been recorded at the site, six of which are of global conservation concern, including the white-necked picarthes ([[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]]). Other species inhabiting the reserve include forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis''), pygmy hippopotamus (''Choeropsis liberiensis''), sooty mangabey (''Cercocebus atys'', [[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]]), and the endemic toad species ''Amietophrynus cristiglans'', commonly known as the Tingi Hills toad ([[#R01813|EPA 2017]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|118.85 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 8.92 , Lon: -10.79
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Forest Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Shrubland, Grassland, Savanna, Rocky areas (inland cliffs, mountain peaks), Agricultural land
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

In 1979-1980, Teleki and Baldwin conducted a nationwide survey and reported high densities in Tingi Hills ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Decades later, in 2010, a line transect survey was conducted in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve, which estimated approximately 70 individuals in the area; however, a higher survey effort would be needed to reduce uncertainty in this population estimate ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2010
|
|1.91
|0.59 (0.19-1.84)
|70 (22-213)
|Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve
|Line transects
|
|[[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]
|Total survey effort: 24.55 km
|SLE0002, SLE0003<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+13 more" data-collapsetext="less">SLE0004, SLE0014, SLE0015, SLE0017, SLE0018, SLE0021, SLE0024, SLE0025, SLE0026, SLE0029, SLE0032, SLE0036, SLE0037</div>
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Footpaths are present throughout the reserve, and hunting signs were frequently encountered during the chimpanzee survey in 2010 ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]). Bush fires are also a main concern, as they cause severe damage to the forest cover ([[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]]). The steep terrain offers protection to chimpanzees in the interior of the reserve, but the high demand for agricultural land means that farming is slowly reaching the steeper areas ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Agricultural practices are a main threat in the reserve, causing forest clearance and erosion of the soil ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Mining is a potential long-term threat and takes places along the river in the south of the reserve ([[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]]).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Footpaths present ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Hunting signs present in the reserve ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]).
|Ongoing (2010)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Bush fires occasionally cause severe damage to forest cover ([[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]]).
|Ongoing (2019)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

In 2010, it was reported that seven forest guards were undergoing training for deployment in the site ([[#R01812|Brncic et al. 2010]]). However, further information on conservation activities has been reported; in fact, there may be no management plan for the area or immediate development plans ([[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site was designated a Forest Reserve in 1947 and Non-hunting Forest Reserve in 1973 ([[#R01811|BirdLife International 2019]])
|
|1947-Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

No information on research activities has been documented.

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02325|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02325|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.3
|26.4
|26.3
|26.5
|27.6
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2213
|2158
|2227
|2216
|2284
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|35.2
|37
|37.5
|39.7
|41.8
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|5.7
|6.8
|6.9
|7.3
|8.7
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|4.5
|0.11
|3.5
|0.11
|3.5
|0.11
|7.5
|0.11
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|8.5
|100
|7.5
|100
|10.5
|100
|9.5
|100
|-
|River flood
|0
|0
|0.5
|1.4
|0.5
|2.07
|2
|2.19
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|0.43
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.56
|30
|0.57
|29
|0.58
|29
|0.59
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tingi_Hills_-_Sankan_Biriwa.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tingi_Hills_-_Sankan_Biriwa.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01811"></span>BirdLife International. 2019. Important Bird Areas factsheet: Tingi Hills Non-hunting Forest Reserve. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 19/09/2019.

<span id="R01812"></span>Brncic, T.M., Amarasekaran,B. & McKenna,A. (2010) Final Report of the Sierra Leone National Chimpanzee Census Project. Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160308223613/http://tacugama.com/census.html link]

<span id="R01813"></span>Environment Protection Agency (EPA). 2017. Sierra Leone’s Second National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2017-2026.

<span id="R02325"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2019-09-20

Tchetche Corridor

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:20 GMT

Created page with "West Africa > Guinea-Bissau > Tchetche Corridor Cite as: Quecuta, Q. (2023) Tchetche Corridor. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&..."

New page

[[West Africa]] > [[Guinea-Bissau]] > [[Tchetche Corridor]]

Cite as: Quecuta, Q. (2023) Tchetche Corridor. A.P.E.S. Wiki. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://wiki.iucnapesportal.org/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor

'''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=es&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Español]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=id&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Bahasa Indonesia]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Tchetche_Corridor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=ms&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Melayu]'''

__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|11.826573, -14.117870~[[Tchetche Corridor]]~''Pan troglodytes verus''}}</div>
* Western chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes verus'') are present in the Tchetche Corridor.
* The population size is unknown.
* The population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 500 km².
* Key threats to chimpanzees are habitat destruction due to agricultural expansion, logging and fires.
* Chimbo Foundation conducts conservation activities in the area (see [[Boé Sector]]).
* The site is a wildlife corridor connecting Dulombi National Park and Boe National Park.
= Site characteristics =

The site is a wildlife corridor that joins Dulombi and Boe National Parks.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tchetche Corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|-
|Area
|500 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 11.826573 , Lon: -14.117870
|-
|Type of site
|Non-protected area (Wildlife Corridor)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest
|-
|Type of governance
|
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

The population size is unknown.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tchetche Corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes verus''
|2023
|Present
|
|
|
|Tchetche Corridor
|Other
|
|Quecuta pers. comm. 2023
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tchetche Corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|1 Residential & commercial development
|1.1 Residential areas
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Construction of houses (Quecuta pers. comm. 2023).
|2017-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Cashew and rice plantations (Quecuta pers. comm. 2023).
|2017-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Illegal logging (Quecuta pers. comm. 2023).
|2017-Ongoing (2023)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Fires linked to agricultural activities, apiculture and for pasture establishment (Quecuta pers. comm. 2023).
|2017-Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

The Tchetche corridor serves as a connector between protected areas, encourages the flow of individuals and genetic exchange, and mitigates the effects caused by habitat fragmentation. [https://www.chimbo.org/ Chimbo Foundation] are active in the area.

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Tchetche Corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site has been legally protected as a wildlife corridor since 2017.
|
|2017-Ongoing (2023)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tchetche Corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]
= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Tchetche Corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]
= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Tchetche Corridor'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]
= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

'''Page created by: '''Queba Quecuta''' Date:''' 2023-12-06

Tayna Nature Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:20 GMT

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Tayna Nature Reserve]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-0.346968, 28.933953~[[Tayna Nature Reserve]]~''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'', ''Gorilla beringei graueri''}}</div>
* Eastern chimpanzees (‘’Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii’’) & Grauer's gorillas (‘’Gorilla beringei graueri’’) are present in Tayna Nature Reserve.
* The population estimates are unknown.
* The great ape population trend is decreasing.
* The site has a total size of 900 km².
* Key threats to great apes include subsistence hunting, expansion of land for agriculture, wood harvesting, and artisanal mining.
* Conservation activities have focused on community engagement, gorilla rehabilitation and reintroduction, and conservation education.

= Site characteristics =

Tayna Nature Reserve is located in eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, within the transition zone between lowland forests and the Congo river to the west, and the Albertine Rift to the east ([https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/ GRACE 2021a]). The reserve is not only important as one of the last strongholds for the critically endangered Gauer's gorilla, but it also sustains a wide species diversity, including endemic species. In addition the Grauer's gorilla and eastern chimpanzees, other species of conservation concern present at the site include owl faced monkeys, L'Hoest's monkeys, golden cats, Ruwenzori leopards, giant pangolins, forest elephants, aardvarks, red river hogs, giant forest hogs, and okapis ([[#R01810|Vwirasihikya & Matsitsi 2003]]). The reserve was identified by [[#R01808|Plumptre et al. (2016)]] as one of four priority areas for the conservation of Grauer's gorilla outside of national parks within the entire Albertine Rift.

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii'', ''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|-
|Area
|900 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -0.346968 , Lon: 28.933953
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Nature Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Shared governance
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
[[File: Gorilla_and_infant_Tayna_GRACE.JPG | 400px | thumb| none | Gorilla adult with infant © GRACE]]
= Ape status =

Tayna holds one of the most important gorilla populations and represents a priority site for conservation efforts ([[#R01806|Plumptre et al. 2015a]], [[#R02323|Maldonado et al. 2012]]). Survey information has been very limited in the past due to insecurity in the region. In 2012, a survey was halted after only a few days due to unresolved conflict between the Reserve and the survey team. In 2021, the first survey to cover the entire reserve was conducted. Survey teams recorded 305 gorillas nests, 280 chimpanzee nests, and 25 signs of other animals, including 5 species of monkeys, pangolin, forest buffalo, African grey parrot, leopard, and a single Okapi footprint ([[#R01805|Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021]]).

The gorilla population at Tayna is also considered a priority in terms of the preservation of genetic diversity (Valk et al. 2018). Based on historical museum specimens and modern faecal samples, Grauer's gorilla populations have experienced a rapid loss of genetic diversity. This decline is attributed to the loss of peripheral populations rather than a decrease in genetic diversity in the core range of the species (Valk et al. 2018). Tayna is located at the northeastern extreme of the Grauer landscape, potentially representing a unique genetic profile.

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2023
|Present
|
|
|
|Tayna Nature Reserve
|Camera trap
|
|
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2021
|Present
|
|
|
|Tayna Nature Reserve (900 km²)
|Strip transect
|
|[[#R01805|Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021]]
|
|COD0208
|-
|''Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii''
|2021
|Present
|
|
|
|Tayna Nature Reserve (900 km²)
|Strip transect
|
|[[#R01805|Fawcett & Kabuyaya Mbeke 2021]]
|
|COD0208
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2012
|
|
|
|185-210
|Tayna Nature Reserve (906 km²)
|Survey data, Line transects, Partial count
|
|[[#R01807|Plumptre et al. 2015b]]
|
|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2011-2015
|
|
|0.289
|541 (121-2414)
|Tayna-Kisimba-Ikobo (1,869 km²)
|Line transects & recces
|
|[[#R01808|Plumptre et al. 2016]]
|
|COD0080, COD0081<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+10 more" data-collapsetext="less">COD0082, COD0084, COD0086, COD0088, COD0122, COD0144, COD0158, COD0159, COD0162, COD0226</div>
|-
|''Gorilla beringei graueri''
|2001-2002
|
|
|1.00
|450.0
|Tayna Gorilla Reserve
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|[[#R01810|Vwirasihikya & Matsitsi 2003]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

The socioeconomic depression arising from over a decade of civil war placed enormous pressure on the forest resources and fauna in the region ([[#R01807|Plumptre et al. 2015b]]). In addition, since 1996, the entire Grauer's gorilla range has been consumed in conflict, resulting in a breakdown of wildlife protection activities. Key ongoing threats at the site include agricultural expansion (Ayebare et al. 2018), subsistence hunting and wood harvesting, and mining ([[#R01807|Plumptre et al. 2015b]], [[#R01808|Plumptre et al. 2016]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1 Annual & perennial non-timber crops
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Subsistence agriculture ([[#R02352|GRACE 2021a]]).
|Ongoing (2021)
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Artisanal mining for minerals such as cassiterite, gold and coltan ([[#R01807|Plumptre et al. 2015b]], Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022).
|2015-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Bushmeat hunting for subsistence (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022). Furthermore, several gorillas were killed (and an infant captured) in the Tayna Nature Reserve between 2004 and 2007, as reported by Nixon, S. ([[#R01807|Plumptre et al. 2015b]]).
|2004-Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Low (up to 30% of population affected)
|Logging for local subsistence, e.g., gathering fuelwood, timber harvesting for construction (Fawcett, K., pers. comm. 2022, [[#R02352|GRACE 2021a]]).
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8.4 Pathogens
|Present (unknown severity)
|Ebola outbreak that lasted 18 months, not directly inside the reserve, but in eastern DRC ([[#R02352|GRACE 2021a]]).
|2017-2019
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

Since the late 1990s community leaders have led an effort to protect the area; in fact, the site was created from land donated by community members ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE]). By protecting the land, local communities aimed to prevent the loss of local forests, wildlife, and sacred cultural sites to agricultural expansion and commercial cattle ranchers ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE]). The site was officially declared the Tayna Nature Reserve in 2006 by the government of DRC. The reserve is managed by the community in partnership with the Gorilla Rehabilitation and Conservation Education (GRACE) center, and the ICCN.

Conservation activities at the reserve are divided into four main strategies: 1) Gorilla rehabilitation, 2) Gorilla conservation (reintroduction of rehabilitated gorillas back into the wild), 3) Conservation education, and 4) Community engagement, e.g., assisting local communities with finding sustainable solutions for co-existing with wildlife, promoting local conservation leadership and building pride ([https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs GRACE]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.13 Provide sustainable alternative livelihoods; establish fish- or domestic meat farms
|GRACE supports domestic livestock initiatives started by local women’s groups, including a guinea pig program (https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.3 Conduct regular anti-poaching patrols
|Regular patrols and law enforcement activities are reported (D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025).
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|GRACE provides conservation education programs with schoolchildren and local communities ([[#R02065|GRACE]]).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Extensive training of local community members to lead field data collection, e.g., monitoring gorillas and other wildlife, as well as human activity signs in the reserve ([[#R02352|GRACE 2021a]]).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.5 Implement multimedia campaigns using theatre, film, print media, discussions
|Conservation outreach through a radio program; the Tayna radio station estimates its audience is 60,000 people ([[#R02355|GRACE 2021b]]).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site is a Nature Reserve.
|
|2006-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Forest rehabilitation and protection activities are reported (D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025).
|
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|6 Species management
|6.9 Rehabilitate injured/orphaned apes
|Sanctuary for rescued orphans and illegally captured gorillas, which are confiscated by the ICCN; GRACE cares for the rehabilitation and release outside the reserve, within the Grauer's range ([[#R02065|GRACE]]). Currently GRACE is working towards the release of gorillas in Virunga National Park to reinforce the functionally extinct population at the park (Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.1 Provide monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., REDD, alternative income, employment)
|Jobs brought to local communities through conservation (Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022, [[#R02067|GRACE]]).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|7 Economic & other incentives
|7.2 Provide non-monetary benefits to local communities for sustainably managing their forest and its wildlife (e.g., better education, infrastructure development)
|Many community engagement activities focus on women to support their empowerment, and because they're the primary users of natural resources. For example, GRACE is working with women’s groups to build and install more efficient stoves to significantly reduce the amount of wood needed per household. ([[#R02065|GRACE]]).In addition, local communities are supported in developing new income sources, such as selling local products and managing their own forests, and are provided with services such as health care and wellbeing (D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025).
|
|2022-Ongoing (2025)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.1 Lack of capacity/training
|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.2 Lack of staff
|D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.3 General lack of funding
|D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.4 Lack of continuous/long-term funding
|D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.5 Anticipated disadvantages/costs created by conservation activities (e.g., restricted access/resource use)
|Fawcett, K. pers. comm. 2022
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|6.3 Civil unrest/war
|Plumptre et al. 2015
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.5 Sufficient capacity/expertise to advise, design, or implement actions
|D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|2.6 External partnerships that add expertise or resources
|D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|D. Caillaud & K. Fawcett. pers. comm. 2025
|Ongoing (2025)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

There is a permanent presence of monitoring teams in the Tayna Nature Reserve led by the community management authority RGT in partnership with GRACE. Damien Caillaud, Associate Professor at UC Davis is a GRACE science advisor for this work.

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02324|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02324|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|20.6
|21.7
|21.4
|21.9
|23
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1443
|1427
|1476
|1383
|1502
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|9.9
|15.7
|16.9
|20.3
|13.9
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|7.1
|8.2
|9.4
|8.1
|11.9
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Tayna Nature Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|4
|0
|2
|0.06
|4
|0.15
|6.5
|0.13
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|River flood
|1.5
|0.02
|1.75
|1.01
|1.5
|0.23
|4.5
|0.74
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.56
|30
|0.57
|29
|0.59
|29
|0.36
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tayna.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Tayna Nature Reserve]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tayna.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Tayna Nature Reserve]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

[https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ GRACE website]

[https://www.facebook.com/gracegorillas GRACE Facebook]

= References =

<span id="R01805"></span>Fawcett, K., & Kabuyaya, M. J. (2021). Survey of Great Apes (Gorilla beringei graueri, Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) in Tayna Nature Reserve, Eastern DR Congo. GRACE Report.

<span id="R01806"></span>Plumptre, A.J., Ayebare, S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015a). Priority Areas for Conservation in the Maiko, Tayna, Kahuzi Biega Landscape. Unpublished Report for USAID and USFWS.

<span id="R01807"></span>Plumptre, A.J., Nixon, S., Critchlow, R., Vieilledent, G., Nishuli, R., Kirkby, A., Williamson, E.A., Hall, J.S. & Kujirakwinja, D. (2015b). Status of Grauer’s gorilla and chimpanzees in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo: Historical and current distribution and abundance. Unpublished report to Arcus Foundation, USAID and US Fish and Wildlife Service. [https://doi.org/10.19121/2015.report.dmx3094100000 doi:10.19121/2015.report.dmx3094100000]

<span id="R01808"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Nixon, S., Kujirakwinja, D. K., Vieilledent, G., Critchlow, R., Williamson, E. A., …, & Hall, J. S. (2016). Catastrophic Decline of World's Largest Primate: 80% Loss of Grauer's Gorilla (Gorilla beringei graueri) Population Justifies Critically Endangered Status. ''PLOS ONE'', 11(10), e0162697. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162697 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0162697]

<span id="R01809"></span>Plumptre, A. J., Ayebare, S., Kujirakwinja, D., & Segan, D. (2020). Conservation planning for Africa's Albertine Rift: conserving a biodiverse region in the face of multiple threats. ''Oryx'', 55(2), 302-310. [https://doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000218 doi:10.1017/s0030605319000218]

<span id="R01810"></span>Vwirasihikya, K.P. & Matsitsi, S.D. (2003). Census in the Tayna Gorilla Reserve. Gorilla Journal 26. https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-no-26/article-view/census-in-the-tayna-gorilla-reserve/ [https://www.berggorilla.org/en/journal/issues/journal-26-12003/article-view/census-in-the-tayna-gorilla-reserve/ link]

<span id="R02323"></span>Maldonado, O., Aveling, C., Cox, D., Nixon, S., Nishuli, R., Merlo, D., Pintea, L. & Williamson, E.A. (2012). Grauer’s Gorillas and Chimpanzees in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (Kahuzi-Biega, Maiko, Tayna and Itombwe Landscape): Conservation Action Plan 2012–2022. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group, Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation & Tourism, Institut Congolais pour la Conservation de la Nature & the Jane Goodall Institute. 66pp https://www.iucngreatapes.org/grauers-gorillas-and-chimpanzees [http://www.primate-sg.org/storage/pdf/Eastern_DRC_CAP.pdf link]

<span id="R02324"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

<span id="R02352"></span>GRACE 2021a. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/07/02/great-ape-survey-tayna-nature-reserve/

<span id="R02065"></span>GRACE. https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#our-programs [https://web.archive.org/web/20250613082637/http://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/ link]

<span id="R02355"></span>GRACE 2021b. https://gracegorillas.org/2021/02/26/gorilla-conservation-on-the-radio/

<span id="R02067"></span>GRACE. https://gracegorillas.org/grace-about-the-organization/#tab-4914187cd87ca1fa3fe

'''Page created by: '''Dr. Katie Fawcett & APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2022-03-23

Tanjung Puting National Park

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:19 GMT

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[[Asia]] > [[Indonesia]] > [[Tanjung Puting National Park]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|-2.984189, 111.932640~[[Tanjung Puting National Park]]~''Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii''}}</div>
* Southwest Bornean orangutans (''Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii'') are present in Tanjung Puting National Park.
* The population size is estimated to be 6,000 individuals.
* The orangutan population trend is unknown.
* The total site area is 4082.86 km².
* The main reported threats include illegal logging, forest fires, mining, and human-orangutan disease transmission.
* The main conservation activities have focused on raising awareness in the community, eco-toursim activities and restoring habitats.

= Site characteristics =

Tanjung Puting National Park lies along Borneo’s south-central coastline and spans about 4,000 square kilometers. Its landscape includes freshwater peat swamps, lowland dipterocarp forests, and heath forests. Orangutans occupy roughly 75% of the park, although between a third and half of the area has suffered environmental degradation ([[#R01803|WWF 2005]]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tanjung Puting National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii''
|-
|Area
|4082.86 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: -2.984189 , Lon: 111.932640
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (National Park)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tanjung Puting National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii''
|2004
|
|
|
|
|Tanjung Puting National Park
|
|
|[[#R01802|Singleton et al. 2004]]
|Although the park supports a substantial and viable orangutan population, recent estimates suggest that approximately 6,000 individuals still inhabit the reserve (Singleton et al. 2004).
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]
= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tanjung Puting National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|3 Energy production & mining
|3.2 Mining & quarrying
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal mining activities reported, details unknown ([[#R01803|WWF 2005]]).
|Ongoing (2005)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal logging has been identified as the primary threat, and addressing this issue remains highly challenging ([[#R01803|WWF 2005]]).
|Ongoing (2005)
|-
|7 Natural system modifications
|7.1 Fire & fire suppression
|Present (unknown severity)
|Wildfires were also documented ([[#R01803|WWF 2005]]).
|Ongoing (2005)
|-
|8 Invasive & other problematic species, genes & diseases
|8.4 Pathogens
|Present (unknown severity)
|The close contact between humans and orangutans at tourist locations is still a concern, as their genetic similarity increases the risk of spreading diseases between the two species ([[#R01799|Gillespie et al. 2008]]). Research at Tanjung Puting has found that ex-captive orangutans are social by nature, frequently moving in groups and initiating play with wild females and their young, as well as interacting with nests. However, these individuals have also been exposed to human-borne illnesses, with cases of respiratory and skin infections being transmitted among them ([[#R01804|Yeager 1997]]).
|1997-Ongoing (2008)
|}

[[Threats]]
= Conservation activities =

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Tanjung Puting National Park'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|Tanjung Puting National Park has held protected status since 1982 ([[#R01801|Sherman et al. 2022]]).
|
|1982-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.6 Habitat restoration
|Habitat management activities were reported to be present ([[#R01801|Sherman et al. 2022]]).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|-
|8 Permanent presence
|8.2 Run tourist projects and ensure permanent human presence at site
|Visitors have the opportunity to see/visit ex-captive orangutans in three designated zones of the park—Camp Leakey, Tanjung Harapan, and Pondok Tanggui ([[#R01798|Brend 2006]]).
|
|Ongoing (2006)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|Other
|Community outreach and capacity building activities were reported, but details are unknown ([[#R01801|Sherman et al. 2022]]).
|
|Ongoing (2022)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
= Challenges =

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

Since 1971, NGOs and research organizations have been conducting research in Tanjung Puting National Park ([[#R01801|Sherman et al. 2022]]). Research at Camp Leakey, OuTrop, and Pondok Ambung began in the 1970s–80s and continues to provide key data on orangutan demographics, nesting density, health, and behavior ([[#R01800|Rahman 2010]]).

= Documented behaviours =

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01798"></span>Brend, S. (2006). Tanjung Puting National Park: Orangutans and their habitat. The Orangutan Foundation & Yayorin.

<span id="R01799"></span>Gillespie, T. R., Nunn, C. L., & Leendertz, F. H. (2008). Integrative approaches to the study of primate infectious disease: Implications for biodiversity conservation and global health. ''American Journal of Physical Anthropology'', 137(S47), 53-69. [https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.20949 doi:10.1002/ajpa.20949]

<span id="R01800"></span>Rahman, D. A. (2010). Habitat characteristics and preferences of orangutan nest trees (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii) in Tanjung Puting National Park (Camp Leakey case study). Jurnal Primatologi Indonesia, 7(2), 37–50. [https://primata.ipb.ac.id/?p=9191 link]

<span id="R01801"></span>Sherman, J., Voigt, M., Ancrenaz, M., Wich, S. A., Qomariah, I. N., Lyman, E., …, & Meijaard, E. (2022). Orangutan killing and trade in Indonesia: Wildlife crime, enforcement, and deterrence patterns. ''Biological Conservation'', 276, 109744. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744 doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109744]

<span id="R01802"></span>Singleton, I., Wich, S., Husson, S., Utami Atmoko, S., Leighton, M., Rosen, N., Traylor-Holzer, K., Lacy, R., & Byers, O. (2004). Orang-utan population and habitat viability assessment: Final report. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Apple Valley, MN.

<span id="R01803"></span>World Wide Fund for Nature. (2005). WWF’s species action plan for the conservation of orang-utans (Pongo pygmaeus and Pongo abelii) in the wild. https://wwfint.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/orangutan_sap_wwf.pdf

<span id="R01804"></span>Yeager, C. P. (1997). Orangutan Rehabilitation in Tanjung Puting National Park, Indonesia. ''Conservation Biology'', 11(3), 802-805. [https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95500.x doi:10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95500.x]

'''Page created by: '''Aime Mizero''' Date:''' 2025-05-29

Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:19 GMT

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] > [[Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|1.8182, 15.178~[[Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit]]~''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''}}</div>
* Central chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'') & western lowland gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla gorilla'') are present in Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit.
* It has been estimated that 895 chimpanzees and 4,678 gorillas inhabit the site.
* The population trends are unknown.

= Site characteristics =

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes'', ''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|-
|Area
|6,167 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 1.8182 , Lon: 15.178
|-
|Type of site
|Logging concession
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical dry forest, Subtropical/tropical swamp forest, Wetlands (lakes, rivers, streams, bogs, marshes)
|-
|Type of governance
|Private governance
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]

= Ape status =

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Pan troglodytes troglodytes''
|2016-2018
|
|0.48
|0.15 (0.10-0.20)
|895 (638-1,256)
|Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|Ngoran et al. (2019)
|No nest decay study was conducted. The authors used nest decay rate from neighboring sites, leading to different numbers. The estimate given here are the conservative estimate
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla gorilla''
|2016-2018
|
|1.18
|0.76 (0.52-1.11)
|4,678 (3,202-6,835)
|Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit
|Line transects
|Distance sampling with adopted decay time
|Ngoran et al. (2019)
|No nest decay study was conducted. The authors used nest decay rate from neighboring sites, leading to different numbers. The estimate given here are the conservative estimate
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|11 Climate change & severe weather
|11.1 Habitat shifting & alteration
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|
|Unknown
|-
|2 Agriculture & aquaculture
|2.1.1 Shifting agriculture
|Present (unknown severity)
|This area plays a vital role in conserving elephants, great apes, and numerous other wildlife species. Despite significant human pressures such as hunting, agriculture, and logging, the Tala-Tala forest remains crucial for maintaining ecological connectivity within the TRIDOM landscape (Ngoran et al. 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Although hunting signs are relatively high in the Tala-Tala forest, with an encounter rate of 0.55 signs/km, they account for only 15% of all human activity signs, which have an overall encounter rate of 3.62 signs/km (Ngoran et al. 2019).
|2015-Ongoing (2019)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3.2 Commercial logging
|Medium (30-70% of population affected)
|Apart from specific hunting and logging activities, machete cuts and trails are frequently observed. The high abundance of machete cuts and trails highlights the significant presence of human activities throughout the Tala-Tala forest. Indeed, in carrying out various activities within the UFA Tala-Tala, trails are used to access desired locations. During movements along trails or off-trail, marks are often left on trees (Ngoran et al. 2019).
|Ongoing (2019)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Unknown
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02322|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02322|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|23.8
|25.2
|25
|25.5
|26.5
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|1573
|1621
|1613
|1652
|1618
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|18
|11.8
|13
|11.8
|12.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|6.6
|7.7
|8.5
|8.7
|9.3
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|12
|0.02
|8.5
|0.01
|11.5
|0
|26.5
|0.02
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0.5
|12.5
|-
|Heatwave
|3
|61.54
|2
|62.5
|2.5
|65.62
|10
|67.31
|-
|River flood
|0.5
|0.1
|1.75
|0.55
|2
|1.12
|2.5
|1.16
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.43
|30
|0.49
|29
|0.4
|29
|0.39
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Tala-Tala.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Tala-Tala.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Tala-Tala Forest Management Unit]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

= References =

<span id="R01797"></span>N'Goran, K. P., Allam, M. A., Yeno, L. S., Mahoungou, S., & Akenji, N. L. (2019). RAPPORT DE L’INVENTAIRE DES GRANDS ET MOYENS MAMMIFERES DANS L’UFA TALA-TALA. WWF & ETIC (Espace TRIDOM Interzone Congo) report.

<span id="R02322"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

'''Page created by: '''Tene Sop''' Date:''' 2024-11-27 10:33:00

Takamanda Biosphere Reserve

AtlasBot — Thu, 29 Oct 2026 17:59:18 GMT

Created page with "Central Africa > Cameroon > Takamanda Biosphere Reserve '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Takamanda_Biosphere_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=fr&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Français]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Takamanda_Biosphere_Reserve?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=pt&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=wapp Português]''' | '''[https://apesatlas-apeinstitute-org.translate.goog/index.php/Takamanda_Biosphere..."

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[[Central Africa]] > [[Cameroon]] > [[Takamanda Biosphere Reserve]]

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__TOC__
= Summary =

<div style='float: right'>{{#display_map: height=190px | width=300px | scrollzoom=off | zoom=5 | layers=OpenStreetMap,OpenTopoMap|6.177757, 9.340774~[[Takamanda Biosphere Reserve]]~''Gorilla gorilla diehli'', ''Pan troglodytes ellioti''}}</div>
* Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzees (''Pan troglodytes ellioti'') & Cross river gorillas (''Gorilla gorilla diehli'') are present in Takamanda Biosphere Reserve.
* The population sizes are unknown.
* The great ape population trend is unknown.
* The site has a total size of 3,071.15 km².
* Key threats to great apes are poaching, logging, and increasing accessibility by roads.
* Conservation activities have focused on involving local communities in conservation and sustainable resource use, monitoring wildlife and law enforcement.

= Site characteristics =

Located in northeastern Cameroon, the site was first established as Takamanda Forest Reserve in 1934 to protect watersheds and conserve the area for timber production ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]). In 2008 it was upgraded to national park to protect the gorillas, as well as for its biological and transboundary importance ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]). The site and the neighbouring Okwangwo region in Nigeria are important areas for many large mammals; these include- in addition to the Cross River Gorilla and Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee- drills, Preuss's guenon, forest elephants, an buffalos ([[#R01796|Sunderland-Groves & Maisels 2003]]). In 2026, UNESCO designated Takamanda National Park as one of 14 new biosphere reserves across 14 countries. It is now officially designated the Takamanda-Cross River Gorilla Biosphere Reserve ([https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-designates-14-new-biosphere-reserves-world-environment-day UNESCO 2026a]).

'''Table 1. Basic site information for Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Site_characteristics-table"
|Species
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli'', ''Pan troglodytes ellioti''
|-
|Area
|3,071.15 km²
|-
|Coordinates
|Lat: 6.177757 , Lon: 9.340774
|-
|Type of site
|Protected area (Biosphere Reserve)
|-
|Habitat types
|Subtropical/tropical moist lowland forest, Subtropical/tropical moist montane forest, Subtropical/tropical heavily degraded former forest
|-
|Type of governance
|Governance by government
|}

[[Types of sites]] [[Governance types]] [[Habitat types]]
<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:Takamanda Cross River Gorilla BR Cameroon WCS 1.png | 300px | thumb| none | Cross River Gorilla © UNESCO & WCS Cameroon]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File: Takamanda Cross River Gorilla BR Cameroon WCS 2.jpg | 300px | thumb| none | Cross River Gorilla © UNESCO & WCS Cameroon]] </li></ul></div>
= Ape status =

Gorillas are concentrated in three localities of the park. The first one consists of 25 sq.km in the east of the park, in the hills north of Kekpane. The second one covers only about 15 sq.km in an extremely steep and rocky area in the northeast of the park. The third site lies north of the Obonyi villages and extends across the Nigeria-Cameroon border into Okwangwo ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]).

'''Table 2. Ape population estimates reported for Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Ape_status-table"
!Species
!Year
!Occurrence
!Encounter or vistation rate (nests/km; ind/day)
!Density estimate [ind./ km²] (95% CI)
!Abundance estimate (95% CI)
!Survey area
!Sampling method
!Analytical framework
!Source
!Comments
!A.P.E.S. database ID
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|2001
|
|
|
|100
|Takamanda Forest Reserve
|Informed guess
|
|[[#R01795|Sunderland-Groves, Maisels & Ekinde 2003]]
|
|CMR0103, CMR0104<div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" data-expandtext="+1 more" data-collapsetext="less">CMR0105</div>
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|Unknown
|
|
|
|45,881
|Takamanda National Park East (Kekpane area)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|WCS surveys as cited by [[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]
|
|
|-
|''Gorilla gorilla diehli''
|Unknown
|
|
|
|45,945
|Takamanda National Park-North (Atolo area)
|Reconnaissance walk
|
|WCS surveys as cited by [[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]
|
|
|}

[[Sampling methods]] [[Analytical frameworks]]

= Threats =

Bushmeat is still an important source of income and protein for villages at the site. Although traditional hunting rights were given to local communities and the use of firearms has been prohibited since 1934, firearm hunting is widespread throughout the area ([[#R01796|Sunderland-Groves & Maisels 2003]]).

'''Table 3. Threats to apes reported for Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Threats-table"
!Category
!Specific threats
!Threat level
!Description
!Year of threat
|-
|4 Transportation & service corridors
|4.1 Roads & railroads
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Increasing accessibility by roads ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]). Road between the Takamanda forest and the Mone and Mbulu forests, allows access to the forests and, subsequently, increased export of agricultural and forest products, including bushmeat ([[#R01795|Sunderland-Groves, Maisels & Ekinde 2003]]).
|2003-Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.1 Hunting & collecting terrestrial animals
|High (more than 70% of population affected)
|Trafficking of bushmeat across the border with Nigeria and other parts of Cameroon. Gorilla meat is eaten, their bones are used in traditional medicine and as fetishes, and infants have been sold as pets ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.2 Gathering terrestrial plants
|Present (unknown severity)
|Unsustainable harvesting of NFTPs ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]).
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5 Biological resource use
|5.3 Logging & wood harvesting
|Present (unknown severity)
|Illegal logging ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]).
|Ongoing (2014)
|}

[[Threats]]

= Conservation activities =

Transboundary cooperation between Okwangwo and Takamanda has been strongly promoted through activities such as regular joint anti-poaching patrols, an annual transboundary workshop, exchange visits and information sharing to capture poachers ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]). The landscape is characterized by a rich cultural heritage and long-standing traditions of coexistence with the natural environment. Bantu-speaking communities, including the Anyang, Becheve, Basho, and others together with Mbororo pastoralists, continue to maintain sacred forests, observe totemic taboos, and apply customary land-use practices that have historically contributed to local conservation. Livelihood activities across the region include the sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest products, such as bush mango, njangsang, and wild honey, often undertaken through women-led cooperatives. In addition, younger generations are increasingly engaged in conservation and nature-based livelihoods as gorilla guardians, ecotourism guides, and advocates for the sustainable development of their communities and environment ([https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/takamanda-cross-river-gorilla UNESCO 2026b]).

'''Table 4. Conservation activities reported for Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Conservation_activities-table"
!Category
!Specific activity
!Description
!Implementing organization(s)
!Year of activity
|-
|2 Counter-wildlife crime
|2.11 Implement monitoring surveillance strategies (e.g., SMART) or use monitoring data to improve effectiveness of patrols
|The CyberTracker system has been implemented for wildlife and law enforcement monitoring at the site. It has also been used for data collection during wildlife surveys ([[#R01794|Dunn et al. 2014]]).
|
|Ongoing (2014)
|-
|5 Protection & restoration
|5.2 Legally protect ape habitat
|The site has been a National Park since 2008. In 2026, UNESCO designated the site as a Biosphere Reserve ([[#R02353|UNESCO 2026a]]).
|
|2008-Ongoing (2026)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.1 Educate local communities about apes and sustainable use
|The Takamanda landscape is shaped by Bantu-speaking communities and Mbororo pastoralists who maintain traditions like sacred groves, species taboos, and community-based conservation mechanisms. In addition, youth are increasingly active as gorilla guardians, ecotourism guides, and advocates for environmental education [[#R02354|UNESCO 2026b]]).
|Local communities
|Ongoing (2026)
|-
|4 Education & awareness
|4.2 Involve local community in ape research and conservation management
|Women’s cooperatives sustainably harvest forest products like bush mango, njangsang, and honey, while youth are increasingly active as gorilla guardians, ecotourism guides, and advocates for protecting both nature and community well-being ([[#R02354|UNESCO 2026b]]).
|Local communities
|Ongoing (2026)
|}

[[Conservation activities]]
<div><ul> <li style="display: inline-block;">[[File: Takamanda Cross River Gorilla BR Cameroon A-Schuecke 1.jpg | 300px | thumb| none | © UNESCO & A-Schuecke]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Takamanda Cross River Gorilla BR Cameroon A-Schuecke 3.jpg | 300px | thumb| none | © UNESCO & A-Schuecke]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Takamanda Cross River Gorilla BR Cameroon A-Schuecke 2.jpg | 300px | thumb| none | © UNESCO & A-Schuecke]]<li style="display: inline-block;"> [[File: Takamanda Cross River Gorilla BR Cameroon A-Schuecke 4.jpg | 300px | thumb| none | © UNESCO & A-Schuecke]] </ul></div>
= Challenges =

'''Table 5. Challenges reported for Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="Challenges-table"
!Challenges
!Specific challenges
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|}

[[Challenges]]

= Enablers =

'''Table 6. Enablers reported for Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="enabler-table"
!Enablers
!Specific enablers
!Source
!Year(s)
|-
|1 Site management
|
|
|
|-
|2 Resources and capacity
|
|
|
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.2 Local taboos in favor of conservation
|[[#R02354|UNESCO 2026b]]
|Ongoing (2026)
|-
|3 Engaged community
|3.6 Local community engagement and support
|[[#R02354|UNESCO 2026b]]
|Ongoing (2026)
|-
|4 Institutional support
|
|
|
|-
|5 Ecological context
|
|
|
|-
|6 Safety and stability
|
|
|
|}

[[Enablers]]

= Research activities =

= Documented behaviours =

'''Table 7. Behaviours documented for Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="behaviours-table"
!Category
!Behavior
!Observation type
!Prevalence
!Observation dates
!Source
!Habituation
!Species
!Comment
|-
|
|Not reported
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|}

[[Behaviours]]

= Exposure to climate change impacts =

As part of a study on the exposure of African great ape sites to climate change impacts, [[#R02321|Kiribou et al. (2024)]] extracted climate data and data on projected extreme climate impact events for the site. Climatological characteristics were derived from observation-based climate data provided by the Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISIMIP, www.isimip.org). Parameters were calculated as the average across each 30-year period. For 1981-2010, the EWEMBI dataset from ISIMIP2a was used. For the two future periods (2021-2050 and 2071-2099) ISIMIP2b climate data based on four CMIP5 global climate models were used. For future projections, two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) were used. RCP 2.6 is a scenario with strong mitigation measures in which global temperatures would likely rise below 2C. RCP 6.0 is a scenario with medium emissions in which global temperatures would likely rise up to 3C by 2100. For the number of days with heavy precipitation events, the 98th percentile of all precipitation days (>1mm/d) was calculated for the 1979-2013 reference period as a threshold for a heavy precipitation event. Then, for each year, the number of days above that threshold was derived. The figures on temperature and precipitation anomaly show the deviation from the mean temperature and mean precipitation for the 1979-2013 reference period.

The estimated exposure to future extreme climate impact events (crop failure, drought, river flood, wildfire, tropical cyclone, and heatwave) is based on a published dataset by Lange et al. 2020 derived from ISIMIP2b data. The same global climate models and RCPs as described above were used. Within each 30-year period, the number of years with an extreme event and the average proportion of the site affected were calculated ([[#R02321|Kiribou et al. 2024]]).

'''Table 8. Estimated past and projected climatological characteristics in Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima-table"
!Value
!1981-2010
!2021-2050, RCP 2.6
!2021-2050, RCP 6.0
!2071-2099, RCP 2.6
!2071-2099, RCP 6.0
|-
|Mean temperature [C]
|25.3
|26.4
|26.2
|26.5
|27.6
|-
|Annual precipitation [mm]
|2359
|2468
|2490
|2470
|2441
|-
|Max no. consecutive dry days (per year)
|40.6
|40
|42
|40.6
|45.4
|-
|No. days with heavy precipitation (per year)
|4.8
|4.7
|4.9
|4.8
|5.9
|}

'''Table 9. Projected exposure of apes to extreme climate impact events in Takamanda Biosphere Reserve'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" class="clima2-table"
!Type
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2021-2050, RCP 6.0)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 2.6)
!No. of years with event (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
!% of site exposed (2070-2099, RCP 6.0)
|-
|Crop failure
|5.5
|0.18
|6
|0.31
|3.5
|0.23
|7.5
|0.23
|-
|Drought
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Heatwave
|3
|100
|5
|100
|3
|100
|5
|100
|-
|River flood
|1.5
|0.17
|1
|1.87
|1.5
|1.15
|2.5
|1.23
|-
|Tropical cyclone
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Wildfire
|30
|0.74
|30
|0.74
|29
|0.74
|29
|0.74
|}

<div><ul><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:PrecipAnomaly_Takamanda.png| 450px | thumb| none | Precipitation anomaly in Takamanda National Park]] </li><li style="display: inline-block; vertical-align: top;"> [[File:TempAnomaly_Takamanda.png | 450px | thumb| none | Temperature anomaly in Takamanda National Park]] </li></ul></div>

= External links =

[https://cameroon.wcs.org/Wild-Places/Takamanda-Mone-Landscape.aspx WCS Takamanda-Mone Landscape]

[https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-designates-14-new-biosphere-reserves-world-environment-day UNESCO designates 14 new biosphere reserves on World Environment Day]

= References =

<span id="R01794"></span>Dunn, A., Berg, R., Byler, D., Eben-Ebai, S., Etiendem, D. N., Fotso, R., …, & Williamson, E. A. (2014). Revised Regional Action Plan for the Conservation of the Cross River Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla diehli) 2014–2019. New York: IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group and Wildlife Conservation Society. [http://primates.squarespace.com/storage/pdf/CRG_action_plan_2014.pdf link]

<span id="R01795"></span>Sunderland-Groves, J. L., Maisels, F., & Ekinde, A. (2003). Surveys of the Cross River gorilla and chimpanzee populations in Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Takamanda: the biodiversity of an African rainforest, 8, 129-140. [https://www.stir.ac.uk/research/hub/publication/636325 link]

<span id="R01796"></span>Sunderland-Groves, J. L., & Maisels, F. (2003). Large mammals of Takamanda Forest Reserve, Cameroon. Takamanda. The Biodiversity of an African Rainforest, 111-127.

<span id="R02321"></span>Kiribou, R., Tehoda, P., Chukwu, O., Bempah, G., Kühl, H. S., Ferreira, J., …, & Heinicke, S. (2024). Exposure of African ape sites to climate change impacts. ''PLOS Climate'', 3(2), e0000345. [https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345 doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000345]

<span id="R02353"></span>UNESCO 2026a. https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/unesco-designates-14-new-biosphere-reserves-world-environment-day

<span id="R02354"></span>UNESCO 2026b. https://www.unesco.org/en/mab/takamanda-cross-river-gorilla

'''Page created by: '''APES Atlas Team''' Date:''' 2021-11-29